2.2 control and communication

Question 1

why multicellular organisms need communication systems

Answer 1

a multicellular organism is made up of many cells that carry out a particular functions. A communication systems send materials around the body and send signals to different parts of the body so they are coordinated in their working

Question 2

three internal communication systems

Answer 2

nervous system
endocrine system
Hormone system

Question 3

three structures that make up the nervous system

Answer 3

brain
spinal cord
nerves

Question 4

two structures that make up the CNS

Answer 4

spinal cord
brain

Question 5

three main parts of the brain

Answer 5

medulla- controls vital functions like breaking and heart rate

cerebrum continues thoughts, problem solving, memories, personality

cerebellum- coordination balance

Question 6

how is information transported across neurons

Answer 6

information is transmitted across neurones is electrical impulses

Question 7

i can identify the tiny gaps that separate neurones from each-other

Answer 7

neurons do not have physical contact with each-other so the tiny gaps are made up of synapses

Question 8

i can describe the role of chemicals in transmitting an electrical impulse

Answer 8

chemicals called neurotransmitters are released from the pre synaptic neurone and diffuse across the synapse to bind with a membrane receptor on the post synaptic neurone. When the neurotransmitters bind to its specific receptor an electrical impulse will be fired in the post synaptic neuron.

Question 9

role of the CNS in processing and responding to information from the senses

Answer 9

sensory neurons pick up a stimulus and transmit an impulse to the CNS which contains the inter neurons- This is where the process will decide if the process is required or not. Many stimuli are detected by the CNS but not all are responded too, many are filtered out. If the CNS desides if the response is required another impulse will be sent out

Question 10

two responses triggered by the motor neuron

Answer 10

muscle contraction to bring about movement
secretion from a gland releasing a chemical messenger

Question 11

sequence involved in a reflex

Answer 11

sensory neuron- detects stimulus
inter neuron-
receives respond from sensory and sends it to motor
motor - carries the signal to bring about a response

Question 12

function of reflex response and examples

Answer 12

reflex response is to protect the body against danger
- touching something hot AND quickly pulling hand away
- Stepping on soemthing sharp AND quickly lifting foot up

Question 13

role of endocrine system

Answer 13

communication system that transmits and realises chemical messages around the body and in the blood called hormones to bring about response

Question 14

organs in a endocrine system

Answer 14

adrenal glands - release of adrenaline
pancreas - release of insulin and glucagon
testes- release of testosterone

Question 15

role of hormones around the body

Answer 15

hormones are chemical messangers (protein) that are released in the endocrine system and transmitted in the blood stream. They send messages to different cells/tissues and trigger specific responses

Question 16

hormones target specific tissues in the body

Answer 16

hormones are proteins that have a specific shape. These are matched by complementary receptor proteins found in the membranes of the target cell/tissue/organ. when a specific hormone matched it’s specific receptor protein this triggers the cell to respond in a particular way

Question 17

i can compare the nervous system and endocrine mesages sent

Answer 17

nerve
electrical impulses through nueron and diffusion of neurotransmitters across synapses
endocrine
chemical messangers in form of hormone transmitting in the bloodstream

Question 18

speed of info transfer

Answer 18

nervous
very quickly compared to hormones
endocrine
very slow in comparison to nerve impulses

Question 19

responses

Answer 19

fast over a short period of time response eg reflex
endocrine
slow over short period of time respond eg pubarty

Question 20

improtant to keep body optimum temp

Answer 20

so chemical reactions happen efficiently as possible

Question 21

homeostasis

Answer 21

make sure the internal environmental factors at a constant steady set point eg regulation of body temp and blood sugar levels

Question 22

where are blood glucose levels monitored

Answer 22

pancreas

Question 23

importance of controlling blood glucose levels

Answer 23

ensure the body always has a supply of glucose for respiration and to stop potential osmotic damage to cells

Question 24

when is glucagon and insulin released from pancreas

Answer 24

glucagon is released when in response to the body have a decrease in blood glucose levels below set point
insulin is released when in response to body having a high blood glucose level above set point

Question 25

target oran for insulin and glucagon

Answer 25

liver

Question 26

insoluble carbohydrate stored in the liver in part of blood glucose regulation

Answer 26

glycogen

Question 27

effect of insulin in enzymes in the liver

Answer 27

insulin triggers the liver enzymes to convert glucose into glycogen for storage

Question 28

type 1 diabetes

Answer 28

pancreas stops sending signals to liver

Question 29

type 2 diabetes

Answer 29

liver stops responding to the pancreas

Question 30

main problems faced by someone with diabetes

Answer 30

unable to regulated blood glucose level and may not be able to do respiration which may cause osmotic damage to cells

Question 31

consequences of diabetes on the osmotic state of cells

Answer 31

if blood glucose levels in blood plasma are to low then body cells will start to burst as water is high in in body cells to low concentration in blood plasma as body cells loose water they shrivel

Question 32

2

Answer 32

if blood glucose levels in blood plasma are to low then body cells will start to burst. water high concentration in blood plasma to low concentration in body cells. Cell cytoplasm will burst due to cytoplasm increasing

Question 33

impact of uncontrolled blood glucose levels in terms of osmotic damage

Answer 33

body tissues can be permanently damaged due to cells cremating ( blood glucose to high) or cells undergoing lysis ( blood glucose to low) this can result in vascular damage which can lead to limb amputation and blindness