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Microbiology > 19: transcription > Flashcards

19: transcription Flashcards

1
Q

define transcription

A

making an RNA copy of a gene

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2
Q

what enzyme is used in transcription? what kind of bonds does it make? Does it need a primer to start transcription?

A

RNA polymerase; phosphodiester bonds; no

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3
Q

why does transcription occur?

A

it is the first step in expressing a gene, and is the control step in regulation of gene expression

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4
Q

what is gene expression?

A

a mRNA/transcript is made and it gets translated into a polypeptide or protein

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5
Q

why is transcription the control step in gene expression?

A

bc it’s the first step

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6
Q

in what direction will a complementary DNA strand be read in order to make mRNA?

A

3’ to 5’

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7
Q

what kind of bond will connect nucleotides in mRNA?

A

phosphodiester (like DNA)

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8
Q

during translation a _______________ bond is made be ________________________.

A

peptide; amino acids

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9
Q

E. coli would have a _________ metabolic rate than a eukaryotic cell.

A

faster

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10
Q

what are the three major parts of a bacterial gene?

A

promoter, leader sequence, and coding region

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11
Q

which part of the gene is different in bacteria than eukarya and archaea?

A

promoter

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12
Q

encodes the amino acid sequence in the protein

A

coding region

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13
Q

control region of the gene? what does that mean?

A

promoter; is not really transcribed, but controls whether or not transcription takes place

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14
Q

Which domains have promoters that are most closely related?

A

Archaea and Eukarya

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15
Q

the promoter contains 2 highly conserved regions, what are they called and what does it mean by highly conserved?

A

-35 and -10 regions aka Pribnow box; we see the DNA sequence in these regions in most bacterial promoters

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16
Q

where does the ribosome bind to on the mRNA?

A

the shine-dalgarno sequence

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17
Q

the most commonly found sequence at the -35 or -10 regions are considered to be what?

A

the consensus sequence

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18
Q

what is the most important nucleotide in the -10 regions?

A

the last T in the sequence; found in 96% of them

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19
Q

HugD has a conserved _______________ sequence called the ___________. what does HugD do?

A

amino acid; ATP binding cassette; binds ATP

20
Q

transcription starts in the same place on all genes. T or F

A

no, starts in diff places depending on the gene.

21
Q

the -35 regions is _________ of the -10 region. The start site of transcription is __________ of the -10 region.

A

upstream; downstream

22
Q

what is the leader sequence?

A

encodes the part of the mRNA where the ribosome binds, to begin translation on the mRNA.

23
Q

what is the highly conserved sequence on the leader sequence called? what binds here?

A

Shine-dalgarno sequence; ribosome

24
Q

what is the coding region?

A

the part of the gene that contains the info to make the protein

25
Q

is the promoter transcribed? translated?

A

no; no

26
Q

is the leader sequence transcribed? translated?

A

yes; no

27
Q

is the coding region transcribed? translated?

A

yes; yes

28
Q

the promoter is ________ of the leader and the leader is _______ of the start site.

A

upstream; downstream

29
Q

what is a protein that binds to the promoter?

A

rna polymerase

30
Q

what does RNA pol consist of?

A

core and sigma enzyme

31
Q

what does sigma factor do? how many subunits is it made of?

A

gives RNA its specificity for the promoter; single subunit

32
Q

what does core enzyme do? how many units is it made of?

A

it has polymerase activity; several subunits

33
Q

in which domain are there more core enzyme subunits?

A

Bacteria

34
Q

what happens to the subunits of RNA pol once transcription begins?

A

sigma factor gets ditched and core enzyme does transcribing

35
Q

how does sigma factor give RNA Pol its specificity for the promoter?

A

bc when sigma factor binds to core enzyme it has a high affinity for the -35 and -10 regions

36
Q

does sigma factor base pair w the Pribnow box?

A

no, bc it’s not made of nucleotides

37
Q

what is the core enzyme and sigma factor are not bound to each other? what kind of affinity does the core enzyme have then?

A

core enzyme on its own has a high affinity for any DNA sequence, making it promiscuous, letting it bind to any DNA sequence

38
Q

when sigma factor binds to core enzyme, the RNA Pol loses its affinity for DNA in general and becomes __________________________

A

sequence specific

39
Q

when is sigma factor ditched by the core enzyme?

A

at the beginning of elongation

40
Q

where does RNA pol pull the DNA strand apart during intiation?

A

at the -10 region

41
Q

what kind of bond does core enzyme make and does it need a primer?

A

phosphodiester; no

42
Q

in replication what made the primer? what class of enzyme does it belong to?

A

primase; RNA Pol

43
Q

what kind of sigma factor is in E. coli? what regions does it bind to during transcription (consensus sequence)?

A

sigma 70; -35 and -10 regions

44
Q

what kind of bacteria species have sigma factors involved in expression of genes that encode proteins involved in endospore formation?

A

Bacillus

45
Q

what is sigma Fecl involved in? what do these genes encode? what other transport is this architecture similar to?

A

iron metabolism; involved in expression of the genes encoding the ferric iron uptake system; similar to heme transport sys

46
Q

the ________________ is the same for each RNA Pol but the ___________________ is different, allowing each RNA Pol to bind to a different type of promoter

A

core enzyme; sigma factor

Microbiology (16 decks)

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