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ELM2 - musculoskeletal > lecture 4 - lower limb nerves/vessels > Flashcards

lecture 4 - lower limb nerves/vessels Flashcards

1
Q

What does the white matter of the spinal cord contain?

A

Myelinated neurons

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2
Q

What does the grey matter of the spinal cord contain?

A

unmyelinated neurons

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3
Q

What structures does the white matter of the spinal cord form?

A

columns (dorsal, lateral, ventral)

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4
Q

What structures does the grey matter of the spinal cord form?

A

horns (dorsal, lateral ventral)

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5
Q

What matter are the horns of the brain stem made of?

A

grey matter

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6
Q

What matter are the columns of the brain stem made of?

A

white matter

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7
Q

What root of the brain stem is afferent to the brain?

A

dorsal root

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8
Q

What root of the brain stem is efferent to the brain?

A

ventral root

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9
Q

What does afferent to the brain mean?

A

sensory information carryied from the PNS to the CNS

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10
Q

What does efferent to the brain mean?

A

motor information carried from the CNS to the PNS

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11
Q

What type of information is carried by the dorsal root?

A

sensory

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12
Q

What type of information is carried by the ventral root?

A

motor

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13
Q

What type of information is carried by the spinal nerves?

A

mixed (sensory & motor)

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14
Q

What 2 components form the spinal nerve?

A

Dorsal & ventral roots carrying sensory and motor information respectively

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15
Q

Where do spinal nerves exit the spine?

A

Via the intervertebral foramen between vertebrae

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16
Q

What do the spinal nerves divide into after leaving the vertebral column?

A

Dorsal & ventral rami

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17
Q

What do the dorsal rami supply?

A

The deep muscles, joints & skin of the back

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18
Q

What do the ventral rami supply?

A

innervate the limbs, form plexuses

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19
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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20
Q

How many cervical spinal nerve pairs are there?

A

8 (C1-C8)

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21
Q

How many thoracic spinal nerve pairs are there?

A

12 (T1-T12)

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22
Q

How many lumbar spinal nerve pairs are there?

A

5 (L1-L5)

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23
Q

How many sacral spinal nerve pairs are there?

A

5 (S1-S5)

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24
Q

How many coccygeal spinal nerve pairs are there?

A

1 pair (Co1)

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25
Q

Which spinal nerves form the cervical plexus?

A

C1-C4

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26
Q

Which spinal nerves form the brachial plexus?

A

C5-T1

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27
Q

Which spinal nerves form the intercostal nerves?

A

T1-T11

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28
Q

Which spinal nerves form the lumbar plexus?

A

L1-L4

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29
Q

Which spinal nerves form the sacral plexus?

A

L1-S4

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30
Q

Which spinal nerves form the coccygeal plexus?

A

S4-Co1

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31
Q

How are the spinal nerves named?

A

Based on the vertebrae they exit below, except for the cervical vertebrae (which are named after the the vertebrae they exit above until C8)

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32
Q

Which spinal nerves form the lumbosacral plexus?

A

L1-S4 (combined lumbar plexus (L1-L4) and sacral plexus (L4-S4))

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33
Q

Which plexus supplies the lower limb?

A

Lumbosacral plexus

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34
Q

Which spinal nerves connect to form the lumbarsacral trunk that joins the lumbar and sacral plexuses to form the lumbarsacral plexus?

A

L4 & L5

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35
Q

What structure of. the L4 and L5 spinal nerves forms the connection between the lumbar and sacral plexuses?

A

Lumbarsacral plexus

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36
Q

What muscle is the lumbar plexus formed in?

A

Psoas major

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37
Q

What muscle is the sacral plexus formed in?

A

Piriformis muscle

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38
Q

What are the components of the sacral plexus?

A

Lumbosacral trunk (L4 &L5 spinal nerves), ventral rami of S1-s3

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39
Q

Which spinal nerves does the femoral nerve arise from?

A

L2-L4

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40
Q

Which spinal nerves does the obturator nerve arise from?

A

L2-L4

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41
Q

Which spinal nerves does the Superior gluteal nerve arise from?

A

L4, L5, S1

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42
Q

Which spinal nerves does the inferior gluteal nerve arise from?

A

L5, S1, S2

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43
Q

Which spinal nerves does the sciatic nerve arise from?

A

L4, L5, S1, S2, S3

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44
Q

What are the 2 nerves that form the sciatic nerve?

A

Common fibular nerve, tibial nerve

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45
Q

What does the femoral nerve supply?

A

Anterior thigh

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46
Q

What does the obturator nerve supply?

A

Medial thigh

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47
Q

What does the superior gluteal nerve supply?

A

Gluteus medius & gluteus minimus, tensor fasciae latae

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48
Q

What does the inferior gluteal nerve supply?

A

Gluteus maximus

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49
Q

What nerve supplies the medial thigh?

A

Obturator nerve

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50
Q

What nerve supplies the tensor fascaie latae, gluteus medius & gluteus maximus?

A

Superior gluteal nerve

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51
Q

What nerve supplies the gluteus maximus?

A

Inferior gluteal nerve

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52
Q

What nerve supplies the posterior thigh and leg muscles?

A

Sciatic nerve

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53
Q

What does the sciatic nerve supply?

A

muscles of Posterior thigh, entire leg (though splits into tibial & common peroneal/fibular)

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54
Q

What does the tibial nerve supply?

A

Posterior thigh, posterior leg muscles

55
Q

What nerve supplies the posterior thigh & posterior leg muscles?

A

tibial nerve

56
Q

What does the common peroneal/fibular nerve supply?

A

muscles of anterior & lateral compartments of leg (via deep and superficial fibular nerves)

57
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the common peroneal/fibular nerve?

A

Deep fibular/peroneal, superficial fibula/peroneal

58
Q

What is the alternative term for peroneal?

A

Fibula

59
Q

What nerve supplies the anterior compartment of the leg muscles?

A

Deep peroneal nerve

60
Q

What does the deep peroneal/fibula nerve supply?

A

muscles of anterior compartment of the leg

61
Q

What nerve supplies the lateral compartment muscles of the leg?

A

Superficial peroneal/fibula nerve

62
Q

What does the superficial peroneal/fibula nerve supply?

A

lateral compartment of the leg muscles

63
Q

What muscles does the femoral nerve supply?

A

Anterior thigh muscles (except psoas major)

64
Q

Which muscle of iliopsoas is not supplied by the femoral nerve, but instead directly from L1-L3?

A

Psoas major - as it originates at the vertebral columns

65
Q

What is the sensory supply of the femoral nerve?

A

Skin of anterior & medial thigh

66
Q

What is the motor supply by the obturator nerve?

A

All medial thigh muscles

67
Q

What is the sensory supply by the obturator nerve?

A

medial thigh

68
Q

Which 2 nerves supply the adductor magnus, despite it being in the medial compartment?

A

Obturator (anterior part) AND tibial (posterior part)

69
Q

Which foramen does the obturator nerve pass through before supplying muscle?

A

The obturator foramen via the obturator canal

70
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve run before it divides?”

A

Down the posterior compartment of the thigh, medial to the femur

71
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve divide into the tibial & common fibula?

A

Just superior to the popliteal fossa

72
Q

Which quadrant of the gluteal region should be injected into to avoid injury to the sciatic nerve?

A

Upper lateral quadrant

73
Q

What is the motor supply by the tibial nerve?

A

Posterior thigh, posterior leg, sole of foot

74
Q

What are the 2 terminal divisions of the tibial nerve?

A

Medial plantar nerve, lateral plantar nerve

75
Q

Which nerves supply the sole of the foot (2)?

A

Medial plantar nerve, lateral plantar nerve

76
Q

Where does the common fibula peroneal nerve divide into the deep and superficial fibula nerves?

A

At the neck of the fibula (superficial at this site)

77
Q

Which nerve is likely to be damaged during a fracture to the neck of the fibula?

A

Common fibula

78
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

An area of skin supplied by a single nerve or spinal level

79
Q

What is a myotome?

A

region of skeletal muscle innervated by a single nerve or spinal level

80
Q

What is the difference between a dermatome & myotome?

A

Dermatomes are areas of skin while myotomes are areas of muscle innervated by nerves

81
Q

How are myotomes and demratomes named?

A

Based on the spinal nerve that ultimately supplies them

82
Q

Which region of spinal nerves supply the dermatomes of the anterior lower limb?

A

lumbar

83
Q

Which region of spinal nerves supply the dermatomes of the posterior lower limb?

A

Mostly sacral

84
Q

Which myotomes control hip flexion?

A

L1, L2

85
Q

Which myotomes control knee extension?

A

L3, L4

86
Q

Which myotomes control knee flexion?

A

L5-S2

87
Q

Which myotomes control plantarflexion?

A

S1, S2

88
Q

Which myotomes control adduction of the digits in the foor?

A

S2,S3

89
Q

What is the aortic bifurcation?

A

The point where the abdominal aorta forks into the left and right common iliac arteries

90
Q

At which vertebral level is the bifurcation of the aorta?

A

L4

91
Q

Which landmark marks the name change of the external iliac artery to the femoral artery?

A

Passing under the inguinal ligament

92
Q

When the external iliac artery passes under the inguinal ligament what does it become?

A

Femoral artery

93
Q

What is the first major branch of the femoral artery?

A

deep femoral artery

94
Q

What artery supplies the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Deep femoral artery

95
Q

What artery supplies the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Deep femoral artery

96
Q

Which arteries supply the medial compartment of the leg?

A

Deep femoral artery, obturator artery

97
Q

What does the deep femoral artery supply?

A

All compartments of the thigh

98
Q

What does the femoral artery become at the knee?

A

Popliteal artery

99
Q

Which aspect of the knee does the femoral artery pass to before changing to the popliteal artery?

A

Posterior

100
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the popliteal artery?

A

Anterior tibial artery, posterior tibial artery

101
Q

What artery supplies the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Anterior tibial artery

102
Q

What artery supplies the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Posterior tibial artery

103
Q

What artery supplies the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Fibular artery

104
Q

What major artery comes off the posterior tibial artery to supply the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Fibular/peroneal artery

105
Q

Which artery supplies the foot?

A

Anterior tibial artery which changes name to the dorsalis pedis

106
Q

When does the tibial artery change name to the dorsalis pedis?

A

When crossing under the extensor retinaculum on the superior aspect of the foot

107
Q

What artery supplies the dorsum of the foot?

A

Dorsalis pedis artery

108
Q

What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?

A

Inguinal ligament (base), adductor longus (medial), sartorius (lateral), pectineous/iliospoas (floor), fascia lata (roof)

109
Q

What muscles form the ‘floor’ of the femoral triangle?

A

Pectineus, iliopsoas

110
Q

What is the acronym to remember the contents of the femoral trangle?

A

NAVY - nerve, artery, vein, lymph (lateral to medial)

111
Q

What are the vessels of the femoral triangle (lateral to medial)?

A

femoral nerve, femoral artery, femoral vein, lymphatics

112
Q

What structure of the femoral triangle contains the femoral artery, femoral vein & femoral canal?

A

Femoral sheath

113
Q

What is the femoral sheath?

A

A funnel-shaped fascial sleeve that contains the femoral artery, femoral vein and femoral canal in the femoral triangle

114
Q

What is contained within the femoral canal?

A

Inguinal lymphatics

115
Q

What is the name for the upper opening of the femoral canal?

A

Femoral ring

116
Q

What structure is the continuation of the femoral triangle and contains the descending vessels?

A

Fascial canal

117
Q

What is the shape of the popliteal fossa?

A

Diamond

118
Q

What aspect of the knee is the popliteal fossa found on?

A

Posterior

119
Q

Which artery is found in the popliteal fossa?

A

Popliteal artery

120
Q

Which vein is found in the popliteal fossa?

A

Popliteal vein

121
Q

Which nerve is found in the popliteal fossa?

A

Tibial nerve

122
Q

Which muscles are found on the superomedial boundary of the popliteal fossa?

A

Semimembranosus, semitendonosus

123
Q

Which muscle is found on the superlateral boundary of the popliteal fossa?

A

Biceps femoris

124
Q

Which muscle is found on the inferolateral boundary of the popliteal fossa?

A

lateral head of gastrocnemius

125
Q

Which muscle is found on the inferomedial boundary of the popliteal fossa?

A

medial head of gastrocnemius

126
Q

How are the deep veins of the lower limb named in regards to arteries?

A

In similar way to the arteries

127
Q

What are the 2 key superficial veins of the lower limb?

A

Great saphenous, small saphenous

128
Q

What does the small saphenous vein drain into?

A

The popliteal vein -> femoral vein

129
Q

What does the great saphenous vein drain into?

A

Femoral vein (proximal aspect)

130
Q

What are the relative lengths of the great and small saphenous veins?

A

Great extends from ankle to proximal thigh, while small extends from ankle to knee

131
Q

Which veins of the limbs are prone to varcicose veins?

A

The superficial veins

132
Q

What is the cause of varicose veins?

A

Defective valves cause back-flow in lower limb veins, increasing pressure and weakening vessels.

133
Q

What is deep vein thrombosis?

A

The formation of clots in the veins, typically of the lower limbs

134
Q

What are the lymphnodes found at the superior part of the thigh?

A

Inguinal lymphnodes

ELM2 - musculoskeletal (28 decks)

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