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ELM2 - musculoskeletal > lecture 12 - cartilage histology > Flashcards

lecture 12 - cartilage histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 key components of connective tissue?

A

Cells, fibres, ground substance

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2
Q

What does the ‘chondro-’ suffix relate to?

A

cartilage

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3
Q

What is subchondral bone?

A

Bone that lies underneath a layer of cartilage

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4
Q

What are the features of a protein forming cell?

A

Has more rough ER, a euchromatic nucleus and a prominent nucleolus.

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5
Q

What does the suffix ‘-blast’ relate to?

A

Precursor cells

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6
Q

What does the suffix ‘-cyte’ relate to?

A

Mature cells

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7
Q

What are the 2 broad categories of connective tissue?

A

Irregular, regular

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8
Q

What are the 3 key structures that are made up of regular connective tissue?

A

fascia & aponeurosis, ligaments, tendons

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9
Q

What are the 3 types of irregular connective tissue?

A

Loose CT, Dense irregular CT, adipose tissue

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10
Q

What is the most abundant type of irregular connective tissue?

A

Loose - LFCT

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11
Q

What are the 2 key components of the extracellular matrix of connective tissue?

A

Fibres, ground substance

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12
Q

What are the 2 fibre types found in connective tissue?

A

collagen, elastin

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13
Q

What are the 3 key protein types found in the ground substance of connective tissue?

A

glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, hyaluronan

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14
Q

What are the 2 classes of cells found in the connective tissue?

A

Resident cells, migrant cells

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15
Q

What are the resident cells of connective tissue?

A

Cells that are locally residing and of mesenchymal origin

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16
Q

What is the origin of resident cells in the connective tissue?

A

Mesenchymal origin

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17
Q

What is mesenchymal origin?

A

Cells that are derived from the mesoderm of the early embryo, including connective tissue cells

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18
Q

What are the 3 key types of resident cells in connective tissue?

A

fibroblasts, adipocytes, mesenchymal stem cells

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19
Q

What are migrant cells in connective tissue?

A

connective tissue cells produced in bone marrow that migrate through capillaries to the connective tissue

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20
Q

What is the origin of migrant cells in the connective tissue?

A

hemopoietic

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21
Q

What are the 3 key types of migrant cells in the connective tissue?

A

mast cells, macrophages, lymphocytes

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22
Q

What are mesenchymal stem cells?

A

Cells that can later differentiate into necessary cells types, such as connective tissue cells

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23
Q

What is the shape of adipocytes?

A

oval or spherical

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24
Q

What are adipocytes filled with?

A

Droplets of fat

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25
Q

What is the position of the cytoplasm and nucleus of an adipocyte?

A

On the peripheral rim

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26
Q

What is the most numerous type of connective tissue resident cell?

A

Fibroblast

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27
Q

What is the shape of fibroblasts?

A

Fusiform/spindle shaped

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28
Q

What do fibroblasts usually adhere to in connective tissue?

A

fibres - collagen or elastin

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29
Q

What is the function of fibroblasts?

A

Produce extracellular matrix in connective tissue

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30
Q

What are the organelle features of fibroblasts, and why?

A

Adapted for high protein synthesis to produce ECM, so have large euchromatic nucleus, prominent nucleolus, abundant rER and mitochondria

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31
Q

What is the shape of mast cells?

A

Round or oval shaped

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32
Q

What is the position of the nucleus of a mast cell?

A

Central

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33
Q

What are the organelle features of mast cells?

A

Prominent vesicles/granules, prominent golgi, little ER

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34
Q

What do the granules of mast cells often contain?

A

histamine, heparin

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35
Q

Under what cirumstances will mast cells release their granules?

A

Trauma, antigen

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36
Q

What is the single unit of a collagen fibre?

A

Alpha helix

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37
Q

What are the intermediates in the formation of a collagen fibre from alpha helix units?

A

1.) alpha helix
2.) triple alpha helix
3.) tropocollagen
4.) collagen fibril
5.) collagen fibre

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38
Q

What is the structure of elastin fibres?

A

single elastin molecules cross linked by link proteins

39
Q

What is the colour of unstained collagen?

A

White

40
Q

What type of strength does collagen have?

A

mechanical

41
Q

What is the relative orientation of collagen fibres within connective tissue?

A

run parallel as bundles

42
Q

What is the most common type of collagen?

A

Type 1

43
Q

Where is type I collagen typically found?

A

dermis, bone, tendons, ligaments

44
Q

Where is type 2 collagen found?

A

Cartilage

45
Q

Where is type 3 collagen found?

A

Dermis

46
Q

Where is type 4 collagen found?

A

Basal lamina

47
Q

What is the nature of elastin fibres undergoing stress/strain?

A

Stretch and recoil easily

48
Q

What are the 2 key components of proteoglycan monomers in ground substance?

A

GAGs (glycosaminoglycans), core protein

49
Q

Why must proteoglycan monomers be linked by hyaluronan in the ground substance?

A

Because the monomers are negatively charged and would repel if not linked together

50
Q

How are proteoglycan monomers connected to hyaluronan?

A

Via link proteins

51
Q

What structure acts as a backbone for proteoglycans monomers to bind to forming a proteoglycan polymer?

A

Hyaluronan

52
Q

What connects proteoglycan polymers in the ECM?

A

Collagen and elastin fibres

53
Q

What structure covers cartilage, except at articular surfaces of synovial joints?

A

Perichondrium

54
Q

What are the 3 key types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage, white fibrous cartilage, yellow elastic cartilage

55
Q

What are the 2 types of growth that result in the formation of cartilage?

A

Appositional growth, interstitial growth

56
Q

At what part of the cartilage does appositional growth occur?

A

The perichondrium

57
Q

What cells at the perichondrium generate appositional growth of cartilage?

A

Chrondrogenic cells/young chondroblasts

58
Q

At what life stage does interstitial growth of cartilage occur?

A

very early age

59
Q

What cellular process causes interstitial growth of cartilage?

A

Mitotic division of existing cartilage cells

60
Q

What is the function of chondroblasts?

A

Synthesise extracellular matrix in cartilage

61
Q

Which cells synthesise extracellular matrix in cartilage?

A

Chondroblasts

62
Q

What do the daughter cells of dividing chrondoblasts form?

A

Chondron/cell nest

63
Q

What are individual chondroblasts contained within inside cell nest of four cells?

A

A lacuna

64
Q

What is the thick layer that surrounds a cell nest in growing cartilage?

A

Territorial matrix

65
Q

What is the thin layer that surrounds the cell nest in growing cartilage?

A

Inter-territorial matrix

66
Q

What is the difference between chondroblasts and chondrocytes?

A

Chondroblasts are immature, then mature to become chondrocytes. Chondroblasts produce ECM, while chondrocytes maintain the cartilage

67
Q

What is the function of chondrocytes?

A

Maintain the cartilage matrix

68
Q

What changes occur as chondorcytes mature?

A

Less active in producing matrix, so nucleus is heterochromatic, nucleolus is smaller, reduced protein machinery.

69
Q

What are the 2 GAGs found in the proteoglycan monomers within the ECM of cartilage?

A

Chondroitin sulphate, keratan sulphate

70
Q

What type of cartilage has the most cells, and little fibres?

A

Hyaline/articular cartilage

71
Q

What type of cartilage has a lot of both types of fibres?

A

(white) fibrocartilage

72
Q

What type of cartilage has the highest concentration of elastin fibres?

A

Yellow elastic cartilage

73
Q

What is the arrangement of cells in hyaline/articular cartilage viewed histologically?

A

In cell nests/chondrons with 2-4 cells

74
Q

What is the nature of the ECM of hyaline/articular cartilage?

A

lots of ground substance, lack of collagen, rich in proteoglycans

75
Q

What type of collagen is present in Hyalin Cartilage?

A

Type II collagen

76
Q

What is the relationship between loading on the joint and the thickness of articular cartilage?

A

There isn’t one, thickness does not increase in relation to increased load

77
Q

What are the 4 zones/layers in articular cartilage, from superficial to deep?

A

1.) superficial zone
2.) intermediate zone
3.) radial zone/deep
4.) calcified zone

78
Q

What is the nature of cells in the superficial zone of hyaline cartilage?

A

Small, elongated, parallel to surface

79
Q

What is the nature of collagen in the superficial zone of hyaline cartilage?

A

Fibrils arranged tangentially to surface

80
Q

What is the nature of cells in the intermediate zone of hyaline cartilage?

A

Large and round

81
Q

What is the nature of collagen in the superficial zone of hyaline cartilage?

A

Obliquely oriented

82
Q

What is the nature of cells in the radial/deep zone of hyaline cartilage?

A

cells arranged vertically in rows

83
Q

What is the nature of collagen in the radial/deep zone of hyaline cartilage?

A

Fibres arranged perpendicularly

84
Q

What is the contents of the calcified zone of articular cartilage?

A

Calcified cartilage

85
Q

What histologically significant boundary separates the deep and calcified zones of hyaline cartilage?

A

Tide mark

86
Q

What is the function of white fibrocartilage?

A

Load bearing - resist high compressive forces due to high collagen content

87
Q

What type of collage does white fibrocartilage have?

A

Type I

88
Q

What is the arrangement of cells in white fibrocartilage?

A

Rows of chondrocytes within lacuna lined between collagen fibres

89
Q

What is the arrangement of fibroblasts in white fibroblasts in white fibrocartilage?

A

Randomly placed

90
Q

What is the arrangement of cells in yellow elastic cartilage?

A

Either single OR in groups

91
Q

What type of collagen is found in yellow elastic cartilage?

A

Type II

92
Q

What supplies blood to cartilage?

A

No blood supply - avascular

93
Q

How does cartilage receive nutrition and metabolites without a blood supply?

A

Via diffusion from vessels of synovial membrane and hypochondral vessels.

ELM2 - musculoskeletal (28 decks)

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