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ELM2 - musculoskeletal > lecture 15 - bone histology > Flashcards

lecture 15 - bone histology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a lacuna?

A

A space containing a cell

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2
Q

What is the outer layer of a bone called?

A

The periosteum

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3
Q

What parts of a bone is absent of periosteum?

A

Articular surface, points of insertion of tendons/ligaments

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4
Q

What is the periosteum made up of?

A

Condensed collagen

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5
Q

What layer lines the inner surface of the bony wall?

A

Endosteum

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6
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

The layer lining the inside of bones, containing bone cells

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7
Q

What types of cells does the endosteum contain?

A

Osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts

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8
Q

What is stored in the medullary cavity?

A

Hemopoietic tissue (marrow), fat

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9
Q

What is the long shaft of a long bone called?

A

Diaphysis

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10
Q

What are the ends of a long bone called?

A

Epiphysis

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11
Q

What separates the epihysis and diaphysis of a long bone?

A

Metaphysis

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12
Q

What are the 2 types of bone?

A

Compact, trabecular/cancellous

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13
Q

What is the function of compact bone?

A

Strength/rigidity, resist tensile forces

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14
Q

What is the function of cancellous bone?

A

Minimising bone weight while resisting compressive forces

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15
Q

What is the alternative name for osteons?

A

Haversian systems

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16
Q

What are osteons?

A

Bony tubes that lie parallel to each other along the long axis in compact bone

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17
Q

What are the layers of an osteon called?

A

Lamellae

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18
Q

What are lamellae made up of?

A

layers of ossified extracellular matrix

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19
Q

What are the 3 types of lamellae in bone?

A

Concentric, Interstitial, circumferential

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20
Q

Where are concentric lamellae found?

A

In layers around the osteons

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21
Q

Where are circumferential lamellae found?

A

The periphery of bone

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22
Q

Where are interstitial lamellae found?

A

Between haversian systems/osteons

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23
Q

What are Haversian canals?

A

Canals that are parallel with the length of an osteon that carry blodo vessels and nerve axons.

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24
Q

What is the contents of a Haversian Canal?

A

1 or 2 capillaries lined by fenestrated epithelium, and a few unmyelinated axons

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25
Q

What is the nature of capillaries within Haversian canals?

A

Fenestrated

26
Q

What canals connect Haversian canals with each other?

A

Volkmann’s canals

27
Q

What is contained within each lacunae in an osteon?

A

An osteocyte

28
Q

What connects lacunae in an osteon?

A

Canaliculi

29
Q

How are nutrients brought to trabecular bone without blood vessels>?

A

Via canalicular diffusion from marrow vessels

30
Q

What connects the periosteum to the underlying cortical bone?

A

Sharpey’s fibres

31
Q

What are Sharpey’s fibres?

A

Fibres that connect underlying cortical bone to the periosteum

32
Q

Why is the periosteum important in fracture healing?

A

Contains osteoblasts and osteoprogenitor cells that are new-bone forming for remodelling/repair

33
Q

What does the endosteum line?

A

Medullary cavity, haversian canals, trabecular bone

34
Q

What cell types are found in the endosteum?

A

osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes

35
Q

What are the 2 key components of bone extracellular matrix?

A

collagen, hydroxyapatite microcrystals

36
Q

What are the biggest type of bone cell viewed histologically?

A

Osteoclasts

37
Q

What are the histological features of an osteoclast?

A

Large, lots of nuclei, folded plasma membrane

38
Q

What is the function of osteoclasts?

A

Break down bone matrix

39
Q

Where in bone are osteoclasts and osteoblasts found?

A

Lining the endosteum

40
Q

How can osteoblasts be identified histologically?

A

The line the endosteum

41
Q

What is the conditon caused by low osteoclast activity?

A

Osteopetrosis/marble bone disease

42
Q

What is the function of osteoblasts?

A

Synthesis, deposition and mineralisation of bone matrix

43
Q

What is the shape of osteoblasts?

A

Cuboidal

44
Q

How do osteoblasts connect with neighbouring osteoblasts?

A

Via plasma membrane extensions

45
Q

What is the shape of osteocytes?

A

Ellipsoid

46
Q

What feature of osteocytes help them form gap junctions with neighbouring cells via canaliculi?

A

Branching processes

47
Q

Where do osteoclasts sit?

A

In resoprtion bays - Howship’s lacunae

48
Q

What is intramembranous bone ossification?

A

Direct formation of bones from mesenchymal stem cells that develop into osteoprogenitor cells

49
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

The conversion of a hyaline cartilage model into bone

50
Q

What are the 2 types of bone formation/ossification?

A

Intramembranous ossification, endochondral ossification

51
Q

Where in a hyaline model does endochondral ossification begin?

A

A primary ossification centre

52
Q

Where is the primary ossification centre in a developing bone?

A

The middle - diaphysis

53
Q

Where are the secondary ossification centres in developing bone?

A

The ends / epiphyses

54
Q

What vessel supplies the periosteum?

A

Periosteal artery

55
Q

What vessel supplies the diaphysis of a long bone?

A

A diaphysial artery

56
Q

What vessel supplies the epiphysis of a long bone?

A

Epiphyseal artery

57
Q

What are the histological features of the synovial membrane?

A

surface with folds/villi, double layered

58
Q

What are the 2 layers of the synovial membrane?

A

Intimal layer, sub-intimal layer

59
Q

What makes up the intimal layer of the synovial membrane?

A

A discontinuous layer of synovial cells

60
Q

What makes up the subintimal layer of the synovial membrane?

A

Connective tissue with collage/elastin fibres, fibroblasts, macrophages

ELM2 - musculoskeletal (28 decks)

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