Lipid abnormality

Question 1

During triacylglycerol transport, once chylomicrons are in the circulation, ___ cholesterol transfers proteins to the chylomicrons.

HDL
LDL
Triglycerides
VLDL

Answer 1

HDL

Question 2

Which of the following is a characteristic of very low density lipoprotein (VLDV)?

Water-soluble transport for synthesized lipids
Result of breakdown of IDL in plasma
Water-soluble transport for ingested lipids
Lipid fuel source, ingested or synthesized

Answer 2

Water-soluble transport for synthesized lipids

Question 3

Fat-soluble vitamins include all of the following except:
A.
C.
E.
K.

Answer 3

C.

Question 4

Which of the following is a water-soluble transport for ingested lipids?

Cholesterol
Chylomicron
Triacylglycerols
IDL

Answer 4

Chylomicron

Question 5

______ are the major dietary lipid.

A. Glycerophospholipids
B. Saccharolipids
C. Sphingolipids
D. Triacylglycerols

Answer 5

Triacylglycerols

Question 6

Fatty acids (triacylglycerol precursors) are synthesized in the liver with ___ as the main precursor.

Bile acids
Dietary glucose
Lipoprotein lipase
Protein

Answer 6

Dietary glucose

Question 7

A major function of bile salts is:

Emulsification of dietary fat.
Enzymatic breakdown of fatty acids.
Neutralize pH of gastric contents.
Increase reabsorption of water-soluble vitamins.

Answer 7

Emulsification of dietary fat.

Question 8

Cholesterol is obtained either by diet or is synthesized by a pathway that occurs in most body cells but to a greater extent in the cells of which two organs?

ntestines and pancreas
Liver and intestines
Liver and pancreas
Stomach and intestines

Answer 8

Liver and intestines

Question 9

During the fed state, free fatty acids are converted to triacylglycerol and stored in:

The liver.
Muscle cells.
Adipose tissue.
The pancreas.

Answer 9

Adipose tissue.

Question 10

The free cholesterol pool of the liver is supplied primarily by which of the following mechanisms?

Ingested cholesterol is transported there by proteins
Synthesized cholesterol is returned there by way of HDL
Intracellular synthesis via the HMG-CoA reductase pathway
Ingested cholesterol is transported there by acetyl CoA

Answer 10

Intracellular synthesis via the HMG-CoA reductase pathway

Question 11

After bile acid salts are ejected into the gut, what happens to them after they have served their purpose?

They are reabsorbed from the gut and recycled.
They are excreted as an essential component of undigested products.
They are metabolized to inert forms.
They bind to fat-soluble vitamins and are stored in adipose tissue.

Answer 11

They are reabsorbed from the gut and recycled.

Question 12

The primary purpose of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors is to:

Decrease circulating LDL levels.
Increase circulating HDL levels.
Decrease triacylglycerol levels.
Increase triacylglycerol levels.

Answer 12

Decrease circulating LDL levels.

Question 13

Which class of lipid-lowering agent interferes with absorption of fat-soluble vitamins?

Selective cholesterol-absorption inhibitors
Bile acid sequestrants
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors
Fibric acid derivatives

Answer 13

Bile acid sequestrants

Question 14

Which agent may cause flushing?

Niacin
Bile acid sequestrants
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors
Fibric acid derivatives

Answer 14

Niacin

Question 15

When prescribing HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, the nurse practitioner should:

Ensure that the patient is neither pregnant nor planning pregnancy.
Advise the patient to pretreat with ASA 325 mg to reduce adverse effects.
Rule out diabetes as it may promote hyperglycemia.
Counsel the patient that it may inhibit the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.

Answer 15

Ensure that the patient is neither pregnant nor planning pregnancy.

Question 16

While the mechanism of action of niacin is unknown, this agent decreases synthesis of ___ by the liver.

Chylomicron
HDL
IDL
VLDL

Answer 16

VLDL

Question 17

When considering the use of PCSK9 inhibitors (alirocumab and evolocumab), the NP considers all of the following except:

Can result in approximately 50% reduction in LDL.
Can be useful for patients with clinical ASCVD who need additional LDL-lowering after maximal statin therapy.
To date, there is no major concern with serious adverse events.
Can be used as a relatively inexpensive adjunct to statin therapy.

Answer 17

Can be used as a relatively inexpensive adjunct to statin therapy.

Question 18

Which of the following is a mechanism of action of fibric acid derivatives?

Answer 18

Increases activity of lipoprotein lipase

Question 19

Which of the following is a true statement regarding HMG-CoA reductase therapy?

Prescribers should be aware that many drugs in this class are CYP3A4 substrates.
Significant vasomotor flushing may be relieved by using sustained-release preparations.
They are only safe in the 1st and 2nd trimester of pregnancy.
An HDL of <40 mg/dL is an indication for therapy in patients with two or more cardiac risk factors.

Answer 19

Prescribers should be aware that many drugs in this class are CYP3A4 substrates.

Question 20

Niacin should not be used in patients with:

Dementia.
Hyperglycemia.
HIV.
Pancreatitis.

Answer 20

Hyperglycemia.