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Biology 2 > Ch 48 > Flashcards

Ch 48 Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous processes info. in 3 stages

A

-sensory input, integration, motor output

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2
Q

sensory neurons

A

-recieve signals from sensors that detect external stimuli and internal condition

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3
Q

interneurons

A

-on CNS
-intergrate info sent to brain/ganglia

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4
Q

motor neurons

A

-send motor output out of brain or ganglia
-trigger muscle or gland activity

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5
Q

central nervous system

A

-brain and nerve cord
-intergration takes place

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6
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

-carries info into and out of CNS
-neurons of PNS form nerves

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7
Q

cell body

A

where most of neurons organelles are

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8
Q

dendrites

A

-highly branchd extensions on neuron that receives signals from other neurons

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9
Q

axon

A

-longerextension that transmits signals to other cells at synapses

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10
Q

axon hillock

A

-cone shaped base of axon

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11
Q

synaptic terminal/bulb

A

-bulb at end of axon terminal where neurotransmitter molecules are stored/released
-electrical signal (action potential) > chemcial signal (neurotransmitter)

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12
Q

neurotransmitter

A

-chemical messengers
-signaling molecule secreted by neuron to affect another cell across a synapse
-over 100
-5 groups:
-acetylcholine
-Biogenic amines (norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin),
-Amino acids (GABA, glutamate, glycine),
-Neuropeptides (substance p)
-Gases (nitric oxide)
-a single one may have more than a dozen diff. receptors

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13
Q

synapse

A

junction between axon and another cell
-info. is transmitted from presynaptic (neuron) to postsynaptic cell (neuron, muscle, or gland cell)
-most are chemical synapses
-many neurons have this on dendrites and cell body

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14
Q

membrane potential

A

-voltage
-difference in electrical charge across plasma membrane
-major source is resulting buildup of negative charge within neruon
-becomes more negative: at resting potential, hyperpolarized
-becomes more positive; at resting potential, depolarized

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15
Q

resting potential

A

-membrane potential of neuron not sending signals
-neuron contains many open K+ channels and fewer open Na+ channels
-K+ diffuses out of cell

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16
Q

ion channels

A

-in plasma membrane
-converts chemical potential to electrical potential

16
Q

ligand gated channels

A

-on dendrites
-triggered to open when bound to specefic molecule
-involved in direct synaptic transmission binding of neurotransmitters
-bind neurotransmitters and open in response
-control synaptic transmission between 2 neurons or neuron and muscle
-less selective than voltage gated and allow 2 or more ions through

17
Q

action potential

A

-series of stages
-travels in one direction (towards synaptic terminals)
-prevented from moving backwards are the inactivated Na+ channels behind the zone of depolarization
-formed only at nodes of Ranvier
-causes release of neurotransmitter
-all or nothing process

18
Q

refractory period

A

-after action potential, where second action potential can’t be initiated

19
Q

electrical synapses

A

-electrical current flows from one neuron to another

20
Q

chemical synapses

A

-chemical neurotransmitter carries info. across gap junction

21
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

-located in synaptic terminal
-where presynaptic neuron synthesizes and packages neurotransmitter

22
Q

synaptic cleft

A

-where neurotransmiter diffueses across
-between pre/post synaptic cell

23
Q

after release, the transmitter…

A

-may diffuse out of synaptic cleft
-may be taken out by surrounding cells
-may be degraded by enzymes

24
Q

excitatory post synaptic potentials

A

-depolarizations that bring the membrane potential toward threshold
-single one is usually too small to trigger an action potential in post synaptic neuron
-combination of EPSPs through spatial/temporal summation can trigger an action potential

25
Q

inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

A

hyperpolarizations that move the membrane potential farther from the threshold
-through summation, can counter the effect of EPSPs
-summed effect of EPSPs and IPSPs determines whether an axon hillock will reach the threshold and generate an action potential

26
Q

temporal summation

A

when 2 EPSPs are produced in rapid succession

27
Q

spatial summation

A

-when EPSPs produced nearly simultaneously by diff. synapses on same postsynaptic neuron add together

28
Q

gated ion channels

A

-in neurons that cause changes in membrane potential
-open or close in response to stimuli

29
Q

myelin sheath

A

-cause an action potential speed to increase
-insulates axons
-made of glia (oligodendrocytes in CNS) and Schwann cells in PNS

30
Q

stages of action potential

A
  1. most voltage-gated Na+ and K+ are closed
  2. Voltage-gated Na+ open first
  3. rising phase: the threshold is crossed, membrane potential increases
  4. falling phase: voltage-gated K+ channels open and K+ flows out of
  5. undershoot: membrane permeability to k+ is first higher than at rest, then voltage-gated K+ channels close and resting potential is restored
31
Q

nodes of Ranvier

A

-gaps in myelin sheath
-where voltage gated Na+ channels are found

32
Q

saltatory conduction

A

-process in which action potentials in myelinated axons jump between nodes of Ranvier

32
Q

post synaptic potential/neuron

A

-receives neurotransmitter to facilitate nerve impulse transmission
2 categories
-excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs)
-inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs)

33
Q

presynaptic potential/neuron

A

-releases neurotransmitter

34
Q

voltage gated channels

A

-needs signal to open or close
-only open when membrane potential reaches certain value
allow permeation of only one type of ion
-integral membrane proteins
-enable passage of selected inorganic ions across cell membranes

Biology 2 (18 decks)

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