Ch. 44 Flashcards
osmoregulation
-regulate dilute concentrations and balances gain and loss of water
-based largely on controlled movement of solutes between internal fluids and external environment
excretion
gets ride of nitrogenous metabolites and other waste products
freshwater animals
-show adaptations that reduce water uptake and conserve solutes
desert and marine animals
face desiccating environments that can quickly deplete body water
albatroz bird
has special glands and ATP to pump sodium and chloride from sea water
-liquid comes out of nostril looking holes which is connected to glands in head
-spemd most of their time flying
osomolarity
-solute concentration of solution determines movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane
isoosmotic
-water is equal in both directions
2 solutions differ in osmolarity
-net flow of water is from the hypo osmotic to hyper osmotic solution
osmoconformers
-most marine invertebrates
-isoosmotic w/ their surrounding and do not regulate their osmolarity
osmoregulater
-humans
-expend energy to control water uptake and loss in hyper osmotic or hypo osmotic environment
-most marine vertebrates and some invertebrates
stenohaline
-most animals
-cannot tolerate substantial changes in external osmolarity
euryhaline
-other animals that can survive large fluctuations in external osmolarity
compare/contrast osmoregulation in fresh and marine fishes
marine fish:
1. gain salt ions/water from food and seawater
2. excrete salt ion from gills
3.osmotic water loss through gills
4. excrete salt ions and little water through scanty urine
freshwater:
1. gain of water and some ions from food
2.uptake of salt ion by gills
3. osmotic water gain through gills
4. excrete salt ion and a lot of water through dilute urine
anhydrobiosis
-adaptation where aquatic invertebrates in temporary ponds lose almost all body water and survive in dormant state
tardigrade
-water bears
-can handle anhydrobiosis
land animals
-terrestial: body coverings help prevent dydration, maintain water balance by eating moist food and producing water metabolically through cellular respiration
-desert: save water from certain anatomical features and being nocturnal
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amount of energy expended to maintain osmotic gradients differs based on..
-how diff. animals osmolarity is from surroundings
-how eaisly water and solutes move across animals surface
-work required to pump solutes across the membrane
salmon
born in freshwater and travel to salt and then back to freshwater
-change ion transporters
Galapagos iguanas
-have gland to expel salt
-look like their sneezing
transport epithelia
-epitehlial cells that are specialized for moving solutes in specific directions
-typically arranged in complex tubular networks
-Ex. nasal gland in marine birds (Rome excess salt from blood)
animals nitrogenous wastes reflect…
its phylogeny and habitat
most significant water of nitrogenous breakdown products are
proteins and nucleic acids
-different forms: ammonia, urea, and uric acid
-differ in toxicity and energy costs