Ch. 22 Flashcards

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1
Q

Aristotle (384BC)

A

greek philosopher
arranged species on a Scala naturae
-viewed species as fixed

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2
Q

Carlous Linnaeous (1707-1778)

A

-Tried to organize all life forms using classifying system.
-Interpreted adaptation as evidence that the Creator designed each species for a specific purpose.

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3
Q

Lamarck

A

Darwin’s grandfather, suggested that evolution was a result of usage.

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4
Q

Wallace (1848)

A

came up with his own essay/hypothesis on natural selection

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5
Q

Darwin part 1

A

-published origin of species in 1859
-Fossils lay the groundwork for his ideas
-I perceived adaptation and origin of new species as closely related
-observed in Galapagos the environmental changes caused adaptations

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6
Q

Darwin’s 3 main observations

A

-unity of life
-diversity of life
-match between organism and environment

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7
Q

Darwin was influenced by…

A

Linnesaus
Lyell’s Principles of Geology
Thomas Malthus-

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8
Q

Artificial selection

A

selecting/breeding individuals with desired traits

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9
Q

Natural selection

A

-where organisms who better adapt to the environment tend to survive/reproduce
-found by Darwin
-increase/decrease heritable traits that vary in pop.
-doesn’t create new traits (just edits/selects for traits already present in pop.) -environment decides
-only mechanism that consistently causes adaptive evolution

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10
Q

Descent with modification

A

-all organisms are related through descent from a common ancestor
-can be viewed as a pattern/process

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11
Q

Darwins other main observations

A

-members of a population often vary in their inherited traits
-all species can produce more offspring than the environment can support, and many offsprings failed to survive

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12
Q

strata

A

layers

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13
Q

paleontology

A

study of fossils

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14
Q

Catastrophism

A

-each boundary between strata represents a catastrophe

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15
Q

James Hulton and Charles Lyell

A
  • believed Changes in earths surface can result from slow continuous action still operating today
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16
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

-Lyell’s principle
-mechanisms of change are constant over time
-strongly influenced Darwin
-changes in the earth’s crust during geological history have resulted from the action of continuous in uniform processes

17
Q

Niche

A

-job
-role an organism plays in a community

18
Q

Evidence for natural selection

A

-response to introduced plant species
-drug-resistant bacteria

19
Q

Homology

A

-Similarity resulting from common ancestry
-can form evolutionary tree

20
Q

Homologous structures

A

similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor, but the features serve completely different functions.

21
Q

Vestigial structures

A

Remnants of features that had function in organism’s ancestors

22
Q

Evolutionary tree

A

-Hypothesis of relationships among different groups of species
-can be made by homologies and vestigial structures

23
Q

Convergent evolution

A

-Evolution of analogous features in distantly related groups
-does not provide info on ancestry
-the independent evolution of similar features in species of different periods or epochs in time.
-ex. bat and insect both having wings and dolphin-like bodies

24
Q

Analogous traits

A

-arise from groups independently adapting to similar environments in similar ways
-doesn’t mean relation when organisms have similar traits

25
Q

Fossils

A

-Provide evidence of extinct species
-document important transitions

26
Q

Biogeography

A

-geographic distribution of species
-provides evidence of evolution

27
Q

Pangaea

A

single large continent made up of earth then separated by continental drift

28
Q

Endemic species

A

-species that are nor found anywhere else in the world except in a specific place
-often on islands