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Biology 2 > CH 42 > Flashcards

CH 42 Flashcards

1
Q

`gills

A

-example of specialized gas exchange system in aniamls
-most cells in multicellular animals cannot directly exchange w/ environment
-out of foldings of the body that create a large surface area for gas exchange
-use countercurrent exchange

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2
Q

diffusion time

A

porptotional to the square of distance
-only efficient over small distances

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3
Q

gastrovascular cavities

A

-have this instead of circulatory system
-Cnidarians
-fnctions as both digestion and distribution of substances throughout body
-wall that encloses is only 2 cells think
–flatworms

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4
Q

circulatory system

A

minimizes diffusion distance in animals w/ many cell layers
-has circulatory fluid, set of interconnnecting vessels, and muscular pump (heart)
-can be open or closed and vary in number of circuits
-in all vertebrates and some invertebrates

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5
Q

open circulatory system

A

-insectcs, arthropods, and most molluscs
-blood bathes organs directly
-there is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid
-body is full of hemolymph
-fluid that is pumped comes into direct contact with all cells

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6
Q

closed circulatory system

A

-blood is confined to vessels and distinct from interstitial fluid
-more efficient at transporting circulatory fluids to tissues and cells
-annelids, cephalopods, and vertebrates
-contain blood and specialized connective tissue

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7
Q

cardiovascular system

A

-closed circulatory system in humans and other vertebrates
-arteries, veins, and capillaries ( bloods flows in one direction)

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8
Q

arteries

A

branch into arterioles
-carry blood away from heart to capillaries
-distinguished by flow not O2 content

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9
Q

network of capillaries

A

-called capillary beds
-sites of chemical exchange between blood and interstitial fluid
-blood flow through only 5-10% at a time
-major organ and usually filled to capacity
-difference between BP and osmotic pressure drives fluids out of capillaries at arteriole into venule end

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10
Q

venules

A

converge into veins (distinguished by flow not O2 content
-return blood from capillaries into the heart

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11
Q

atrium

A

blood enters here and is pumped out of ventricle

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12
Q

single circulation

A

-bony fishes, sharks, and rays
–2 chambered heart
-bloood leaving the heart passes through capillary beds (of gills and body) before returning to heart
-oxygen poor blood goes through heart

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13
Q

double circulation

A

Oxygen poor and oxygen rich blood are pumped separately from the right and left sides of the heart
-amphibians, reptiles (w/ pulmonary and system circuits), mammals

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14
Q

oxygen poor blood
(reptiles and mammals)

A

Flows through the pulmonary circuit to pick up oxygen through the lungs

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15
Q

oxygen poor blood (amphibians )

A

Flows through a pulmocutaneous circuit to pick up oxygen through lungs and skin

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16
Q

amphibians and frogs

A

-Have three chambered heart (two atria and one ventricle)
-The ventricle pumps blood into a forked artery that splits the output of the ventricles into the promo continuous circuit in the system circuit

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17
Q

reptiles except birds

A

turtles, snakes, and lizards
-have a three chambered heart, two atria and one ventricle
-alligators and Caymans and other crocodiles have septum that divides ventricle

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18
Q

mammals and birds

A

Have four chambered heart with two atria in two ventricles
-left side pumps and receives oxygen rich blood and right side receives and pumps only oxygen poor blood
-endotherms (require more O2 than ectoderms)

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19
Q

mammalian circulation

A

-blood flow begins with the right ventricle pump blood into the lungs
-lungs load O2 and unload CO2 from blood
-oxygen rich blood from the lungs enters a heart at the left and trim and his pump through the aorta to body tissues by left ventricle

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20
Q

aorta

A

Provides blood to the heart through coronary arteries

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21
Q

blood flow order

A

-vena cava
-right atrium
-tricupid valve
-right ventricle
-pulmanory semilunar valve
-pulmonary artery
-pulmonary veins
-left atrium
-biscuspid valve
-left ventricle
-aorta semilunar valve
aorta

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22
Q

superior vena cava

A

-blood returns to heart from head, neck, and forelimbs
-flow into right atrium

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23
Q

inferior vena cava

A

-blood from trunk and hind limbs
-flow into right atrium

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24
Q

cardiac cycle

A

-heart contracts and relaxes in rhythmic cycle

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25
Q

systole

A

contraction or pumping
-animals w/ longer necks need higher systolic pressure

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26
Q

diastole

A

relaxation or filling

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27
Q

heart rate

A

pulse
-number of beats/min

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28
Q

stroke volume

A

amount of blood pumped in single contraction

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29
Q

cardiac output

A

volume of blood pumped into systemic circulation/min
-depends on both heart and stroke volume

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30
Q

4 valves prevent backfloow of blood in heart

A

-atrioventicular valves: seperate atrium and ventricle
-semilunar valves: control blood flow to aorta and pulmonary artery

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31
Q

“lub dup” sound

A

caused by recoil of blood against AV valves (lub) then semilunar valve (dub) valves

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32
Q

heart murmur

A

caused by back flow of blood through defective valve

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33
Q

sinoatrial (SA) node

A

-pace maker
-sets rate and timing at which cardiac muscle cells contract
-impulses travek to atrioventricular node

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34
Q

electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

A

-records impulses thatvtravel during cardiac cycle

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35
Q

atrioventricular node

A

impulses are delayed
-then travel to Purkinje fibers that make ventricles contract

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36
Q

pacemaker

A

-regulated by sympathetic (speeds it up) and parasympathetic divisions (slows it down)
-regulated by hormones and temp.

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37
Q

patterns of blood pressure and flow

A

Reflect the structure and arrangement of blood vessels

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38
Q

central lumen

A

-vessels cavity

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39
Q

endothelium

A

-epithelial layer that lines blood vessels
-smmoth and minimizes resistance

40
Q

capillaries

A

-thin walls (endothelium and basal lamina)
-facilitate gas exchange
-slowest blood velocity due to high resistance and large total cross sectional area, and for exchange of materials

41
Q

veins and arteries

A

-endothelium, smooth muscle, and connective tissue
-arteries have thicker walls to accommodate high blood pressure

42
Q

blood pressure

A

-blood flows from higher to lower pressure
-pressure of blood that exerts against wall of vessel
-rigid vessels: pressure is maintained
-less rigid: vessels deform, pressure is lost
-determined by cardiac output and peripheral resistance due to constriction of aterioles
-generally measured in artery of arm (healthy: 120mmHg at systole and 70mm Hg at diastole)

43
Q

vasoconstriction

A

contraction of smooth muscle in arteriole walls
-increases BP
-important inducer: peptide endothelin
–help maintain adequate blood flow
-caused by smoking or exposure to cold

44
Q

vasodilation

A

-relaxation of smooth muscles in arterioles
-decreases BP
-major inducer: Nitric oxide
-help maintain adequate blood flow

45
Q

fainting

A

inadequate blood flow to head

46
Q

lymphatic system

A

-returns fluid (lymph) that leaks out from capillary beds
-drains into veins in the neck

47
Q

blood flow

A

regulated by nerve impulses, hormones, and other chemicals

48
Q

lymph

A

-fluid made of mostly white blood cells
-re-enter the circulation directly at the Venules end of the capillary bed and indirectly through the lymphatic system

49
Q

lymph nodes

A

Organs that filter lymph and play in important role in bodies defense

50
Q

edema

A

Swelling caused by disruption in the flow of lymph

51
Q

blood

A

Consists of several kinds of cells suspended in liquid matrix called plasma (55% of volume of blood)
-cellular elements: 45%, white blood cells, platelets, erythrocytes

52
Q

plasma

A

water (solvent), ions , plasma proteins, nutrients, waste products, respiratory gases, and hormones
-about 90% water

53
Q

plasma proteins

A

-albumin, fibrinogen, immunoglobulins (antibodies)
-osmotic balance, pH buffering, clotting defense

54
Q

ions (blood electrolytes)

A

-sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate
-osmotic balance, pH buffering and regulation of membrane permeability

55
Q

cellular elements in blood

A

-wear out easily and are being replaced constantly
-develop from stem cells (red marrow: ribs, vertebrae, sternum, pelvis)
-leukocytes (white blood cells, basophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes): defense and immunity, found in/outside of circulatory system
**-platelets: **blood clotting
**-erythrocytes **(red blood cells): transport O2 and some CO2, contain hemoglobin (iron-containing protein that transports O2)

56
Q

Sickle cell disease

A

-caused by abnormal hemoglobin protein that form aggregates
-aggregates deform erythrocyte into sickle shape
-can rupture or block blood vessels

57
Q

thrombus

A

Blood clot formed within a blood vessel in blocks blood flow

58
Q

coagulation

A

Formation of a solid clot from liquid blood
-reactions converts in active fibrinogen to fibrin (forming clot)

59
Q

erythropoietin (EPO)

A

Stimulates erythrocyte production when 02 delivery is low

60
Q

stem cells

A

branch into:
-lymphoid cells: B and T cells, lymphocytes
-myeloid cells: erythrocytes and leukocytes, platelets

61
Q

cholesterol

A

steroid that helps maintain membrane fluidity

62
Q

low density lipoprotein (LDL)

A

Delivers cholesterol to cells for membrane production

63
Q

high density lipoprotein (HDL)

A

Scavengers of cholesterol to return to liver

64
Q

heart disease

A

Increases with high LDL to HDL ratio ( can be decreased by exercise, not smoking, and avoiding foods w/ trans fats)
-inflammation factor
-Account for more than half the deaths in US

65
Q

atherosclerosis

A

-cardiovascular disease
-caused by a buildup of plaque deposits within arteries

66
Q

heart attack

A

-myocardial function
-death of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from blockage of one or more coronary arteries (supply oxygen rich blood to the heart muscle)

67
Q

stroke

A

Death of nervous tissue in brain
-resulting from rupture or blockage of arteries in the head

68
Q

angina pectoris

A

Caused by partial blockage of coronary arteries and results in chest pains

69
Q

statins

A

-drug that reduces LDL levels and risk of heart attacks

70
Q

aspirin

A

Inhibits inflammation and reduces risk of heart attack and stroke
-“blood thinner” but doesn’t act thin, just prevents platelets to form clots, so makes it ends up making it easier to bleed

71
Q

hypertension

A

-high BP
-promotes arthrosclerosis and increases risk of heart attack and stroke
-can be reduced by dietary changes ,exercise, and/or medication

72
Q

gas exchange

A

Supplies 02 for cellular respiration and disposes of CO2
-animals require large, moist respiratory surfaces for exchange
-on respiratory surfaces (skin, gills, trachea, and lungs): diffusion

73
Q

partial pressure

A

Pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases

74
Q

gas

A

Diffuses from region of high partial pressure to region of lower partial pressure

75
Q

there is less O2 available in water than in air

A

Obtaining O2 from water requires greater efficiency than air breathing

76
Q

ventilation

A

Moves respiratory medium (air) over the respiratory surface(lungs)
-aquatic animals move through water or move water over their gills for ventilation

77
Q

trachea system in insects

A

Consist of tiny branching tubes that penetrate the body
-tracheal tubes: supply O2 directly to body cells
-separated respiratory and circulatory systems
-large insect mess ventilate their tracheal system to meet O2 demands

78
Q

countercurrent exchange system

A

-blood flows in opposite direction to water passing over gills
-blood is always less saturated with O2 than the water it meets

79
Q

lungs

A

infolding of the body surface
-size and complexity correlate with animals metabolic rate
-study slides that explain process

80
Q

alveoli

A

-where gas exchange takes place
-air sacs at tips of bronchioles
-oxygen diffuses through the moist film of epithelium and into capillaries
-surfactants coat surface
-preterm babies lack surfactants and are vulnerable to respiratory distress syndrome

81
Q

positive pressure breathing

A

Forces air down trachea
-amphibians

82
Q

birds breathing

A

Eight or nine air sacs that function as Bellows that keep air flowing through lungs
-passes through lungs and one direction
-every exhalation completely remove the air in the lungs

83
Q

negative pressure breathing

A

pulls air into lungs
-mammals
-lung vol. increase as rib muscles and diaphragm contact

84
Q

tidal volume

A

Volume of air inhaled with each breath

85
Q

vital capacity

A

Maximum tidal volume

86
Q

Residual volume

A

Air that remains in the lungs

87
Q

Breathing control centers

A

-Medulla oblongata: regulates rate and depth of breathing in response to pH changes in cerebral spinal fluid and to match metabolic demands
-pons: regulates tempo

88
Q

sensors in aorta and carotid artery

A

Monitor O2 and CO2 concentrations in the blood
-exert secondary control over breathing

89
Q

adaptations for gas exchange

A

Include pigments that bind and transfer gases

90
Q

respiratory pigments

A

Proteins that transfer oxygen
-greatly increase the amount of oxygen in the blood can carry
-arthropods/molluscs: have hemocyanin with copper as oxygen binding component
-vertebrates and some invertebrates: have hemoglobin

91
Q

hemoglobin

A

-can carry 4 molecules of O2
-helps transport CO2 and assists in buffering the blood
-CO2 diffuses into blood bound to hemoglobin and is transported into blood plasma

92
Q

Bohr shift

A

CO2 produced during cellular respiration lowers blood pH and decreases affinity of hemoglobin for 02

93
Q

diving mammals

A

-underwent evolution airy adaptations that allow them to perform extraordinary feats
-have high blood to body volume ratio
-Ex. Weddell seals and elephant seals
-stockpile O2 and depleted it slowly
-Store oxygen in muscles in myoglobin proteins

94
Q

diving mammals conserve oxygen by

A

-changing their buoyancy to glide passively
-decreasing blood supply to muscles
-deriving ATP in muscles from fermentation once oxygen is depleted

95
Q

2 mechanisms that control blood distribution in capillary beds

A
  1. contraction of smooth muscle layering arteriole wall
  2. precapillary sphincters control blood flow between arteries and venules

Biology 2 (18 decks)

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