Ch 40 Flashcards
physiology
-study of biological functions organism performs
anatomy
study of biological form of an organism
convergent evolution
environment infurencing form of organism
occurs when species occupy similar ecological niches and adapt in similar ways in response to similar selective pressures.
rate of exchange
proportional to cells surface area
interstitial fluid
-allows for movement of material into and out of cells
tissues
-4 categories: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
epithelial tissue
-outside of body
-lines organs and cavities
-cells closely joined together
shape:
-cubodial: dice
-squamous: flattened
-columnar: long bricks
layers:
-simplied: 1 layer
-stratfied : multiple layers of cells
-pseudostratified columnar
connective tissue
-binds and supports
-sparsely packed cells scattered through extracellular matrix (fibers in liquid, jellylike or solid foundation)
-contains fibroblast and macrophages
3 types of connective fiber made of protein
-collagenous fiber
-elsatic fibers
-reticular
fibroblast
-secrte protein of extracellular fibers
macrophage
-involved in immune system
6 types of connective tissue
-cartilage
-tendons
-ligaments
-blood
-adipose tissue
-bone
muscle tissue
-long cells (muscle fibers)
-contract in reponse to nerve signals
3 types
-skeletal:
-smooth:
-cardiac:
nervous tissue
-senses stimuli and transmit signals
Contains:
-neurons: transmit nerve impulses
-glial cells: help nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons
signaling by hromones
-takes longer
-slow acting by can be long lasting
-signal travels everywhere
-stimulus: endocrine cell
signaling by nerves
-quick
-signal travels to specific location
-stimulus: neuron
endocrine system
-transmit chemical signals (hormones) to receptive cells through blood
nervous systen
-transmit info. between specific locations
-info conveyed depends on signals pathway not type of signal
-signal transmission is very fast
–can be received by neurons, muscle cells, endocrine cells and exocrine cells
regulator
-uses internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change in face of external, environmental fluctuation
conformer
-allows its internal condition to vary w/ certain external changes
Borhs effect
-drop in pH which reduces hemoglobins affinity for oxygen
homeostasis
-process to maintain steady state
-internal balance regardless of external environment
-humans: temp., blood pH, glucose [ ], each maintained at constant level
mechanisms of homeostais
–moderate changes in internal environment
-set point: stimulis, detected by a sensor and trigger a response
-circadian rhythm