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Biology 2 > Ch47 > Flashcards

Ch47 Flashcards

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1
Q

model organism

A

-easy to be studied
-share mechansims in development
-common set of regulatory genes w/ humans

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2
Q

fertilization

A

Formation of a diploid zygote from a haploid egg and sperm

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3
Q

zona pellucida

A

Extra cellular matrix of the egg
-sperm travels to here through an outer layer of cells
-when binds to sperm, triggers a slow block to polyspermy

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4
Q

acrosomal reaction

A

-triggered when sperm meets egg

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5
Q

acrosome

A

-tip of sperm releases hydrolytic enzymes that digest material surrounding egg

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6
Q

fast block to polyspermy

A

-not in mammal
-gamete contact and/fusion depolarizes egg cell membrane which sets fast block to polyspermy
-rapid/temporary electrical barrier that prevents additional sperm from entering egg

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7
Q

cortical reaction

A

-requires a high concentration of Ca2 ions in egg
-Ca2 spread across egg correlates w/ appearance of fertilization envelope
-initiated by fusion of egg and sperm

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8
Q

slow block fertilization

A

-fertilization envelope
-prolonged biochemical process that hardens zone pellucida to prevent polyspermy

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9
Q

Ca2

A

-rise in cytosol increases rates of cellular respiration and protein synthesis

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10
Q

cleavage

A

follows fertilization
-period of rapid cell division w/o growth
-partitions cytoplasm of one large cell into small cells called blastomeres (totipotent in frogs)

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11
Q

blastula

A

-ball of cells with fluid filled cavity called a blastocoel

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12
Q

vegetal pole

A

-more yolk
-provides food sources for developing embryo

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13
Q

animal pole

A

-more cytoplasm present
-give rise to animal

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14
Q

morphogenesis

A

process by which cells occupy their appropriate locations
-involves gastrulation and organogenesis

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15
Q

gastrulation

A

-movement of cells from blastula surface to interior of embryo
-rearranges cells of blastula into 3-layered embryo: grastrula

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16
Q

organogenesis

A

formation of organs
-various regions of germ layers develop into rudimentary organs

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17
Q

germ layers

A

ectoderm: forms outer layer
-endoderm: lines digestive tract
-mesoderm: partly fills space between endoderm and ectoderm

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18
Q

mesenchyme

A

-cells that migrate into blastocoel

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19
Q

archenteron

A

-newly formed cavity
-opens through blastpore
-becomes anus

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20
Q

Gastrulation in chicken

A

-before gastrulation, embryo is made of upper/lower layer (epiblast and hypoblast)
-during gast. epiblast cells move towards midline of blastoderm and into embryo towards yolk

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21
Q

primitive streak

A

-midline that thickens in embryo

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22
Q

hypoblast cells

A

-connection between yolk and embryo

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23
Q

blastocyst

A

-human equivalent of blastula
-human gast.

24
Q

innner cell mass

A

-cluster of cells at one end of blastocyst
-human gast.

25
Q

trophoblast

A

-outer epithelial layer of blastocyst
-does not contribute to embryo
-initiates implantation
-human gast.

26
Q

extraembryonic membranes (EEM)

A

-following implantation, trophoblast continues to expand and set of EEM is formed

27
Q

4 embryonic membranes that form embryo

A

-chorion: gas exchange
-amnion: encloses amniotic fluid
-yolk sac: encloses yolk
-allantois: disposes of waste products and contributes to gas exchange

28
Q

neural crest cells

A

-form along neural tube of vertebrates
-form nerves, parts of teeth, skull bones in embryo

29
Q

somites

A

-blocks that mesoderm forms
-give rise to cells that form vertebrae and ribs

30
Q

microtubuls

A
31
Q

actin filaments

A
32
Q

convergent extension

A

-rearrangement of cells of a tissue that cause it to become narrower or longer

33
Q

apoptosis

A

-programmed cell death

34
Q

determination

A

-group of cells becomes commited to a particular fate

35
Q

differentiation

A

-specialization of cells in structure and function
-cells in multicellular organism share same genome

36
Q

fatemaps

A

-diagrams showing organs and other structure that arise from each region of an embryo

37
Q

axis formation

A

-anterior-posterior axis of frog embryo is determined during oogenesis
-dorsal/ventral axis is not determined until fertilization

38
Q

totipotent

A

-can develop into all possible cell types

39
Q

pattern formation

A

-development of spatial organization

40
Q

positional information

A

-molecular cues that control pattern formation
-tells cell where it is in terms of body axis

41
Q

apical ectodermal ridge(AER)

A

-one limb bud regulating region
-thickened ectoderm at bud’s tip

42
Q

zone of polarizing activity(ZPA)

A

-mesodermal tissue under ectoderm where posterior side of bud is attached to body

43
Q

Sonic hedgehog

A

-inductive signal for limb development

44
Q

dorsal lip

A

-section of tissue located at the site of first invagination in developing pre-gastrula
-organizer of entire body plan
-transplanted dorsal lip triggered second gastrulation in host

45
Q

ectoderm

A

–epidermis of skin, sweat glands and hair follicles
-nervous and sensory system
-pituitary gland
-jaws and teeth
germ cells
-forms neural plate

46
Q

mesoderm

A

-skeletal and muscular systems
-circulatory and lymphatic systems
-excretory and reproductive systems
-dermis of skin
-adrenal cortex
-forms notochord

47
Q

endoderm

A

-epithelial lining of digestive tract, liver, and pancreas
-epithelial lining of respiratory, excretory, and reproductive tracts/ducts
-thymus, thyroid, and parathyroid glands

48
Q

neural plate

A

-forms form ectoderm
-curves inward forming neural tube which becomes central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)

49
Q

neurulation

A

micrtotbules oriented from dorsal to ventral in a sheet of ectodermal cells that help lengthen cells along axis

50
Q

embryonic fate

A

affected by distribution of determinants and pattern of cleavage

51
Q

Hans Spemann

A

-performed experiments to determine cells developmental potential

52
Q

determining axis is chicks

A

-gravity determine anterior-posterior axis
-ltaer, pH differences between 2 sides of blastoderm establish dorsal-ventral axis

53
Q

grey crescent

A

-marks dorsal side
-opposite of sperm entry side

54
Q

mammal embryonic cells

A

-cells remain totipotent until 8-cell stage
-general feature in all animals: progressive restriction

55
Q

limb buds

A

-bumps of tissue where wings and legs of chick begin as
-AER

56
Q

3 axes where embryonic cell in limb Bub respond to positional info.

A

-anterior-posterior
-dorsal-ventral
-proximal-distal

57
Q

Hox genes

A

-also play a role in pattern formation

Biology 2 (18 decks)

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