Cognition, Consciousness, & Language

Question 1

Cognition

information processing model

Answer 1

the brain encodes, stores, and retrieves info much like a computer

Question 2

cognition

piaget’s stages

Answer 2

• involves schemas and assimilation vs. accomodation:
• sensorimotor: 0 - 2 yrs –> child manipulates the enviornment to meet physical needs through circular reactions; object permenence develops at the end of this stage
• preoperational: 2 - 7 yrs –> pretend plays, symbolic thinking so they learn to talk, egocentrism & centration
• concrete operational: 7 - 11 yrs –> understands the feeling of others; conservation develops; math
• formal operational: 11+ yrs –> abstract thought and problem solving; moral reasoning

Question 3

problem-solving

types of problem solving

Answer 3

• trial-and-error
• algorithms
• deductive reasoning
• inductive reasoning

Question 4

problem-solving

deductive reasoning

Answer 4

form conclusion from rules

Question 5

problem-solving

inductive reasoning

Answer 5

form conclusions from evidence

Question 6

problem-solving

mental set

Answer 6

a pattern of approach for a given problem

Question 7

problem-solving

functional fixedness

Answer 7

• the tendency to use objects only in the way they are normally utilized
• creates barriers to problem-soling

Question 8

problem-solving

heuristics

Answer 8

“rule of thumb”

Question 9

problem-solving

availability heuristics

Answer 9

when we make our decision based on how easily similar instances can be imagined

Question 10

problem-solving

representativeness heuristics

Answer 10

when we make our decisions based on how easily similar instances can be imagined

Question 11

problem-solving

confirmation bias

Answer 11

the tendency to make decisions about actions/events based on our standard representations of the events

Question 12

problem-solving

gardner’s theory of 7 multiple intelligences

Answer 12

1. linguistic
2. logical-mathematical
3. musical
4. visual-spatial
5. bodily-kinesthetic
6. interpersonal
7. intrapersonal

Question 13

consciousness

alertness

Answer 13

• state of being awake and thinking
• EEG show beta waves, alpha waves when awake but tired, eyes closed
• beta: increased frequency, decreased amp
• alpha: synchronous

Question 14

consciousness

hypnosis

Answer 14

• individuals appear to be in normal control of their faculties but are in highly suggestible state
• used for pain control psychological therapy, memory enhancement

Question 15

consciousness-altering drugs

depressants

Answer 15

• alcohol
• barbituates
• benzodiazepine
• increase GABA

Question 16

consciousness-altering drugs

stimulants

Answer 16

• amphetamines
• cocaine
• ecstasy
• increased dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin at synaptic cleft

Question 17

consciousness-altering drugs

opiates & opiods

Answer 17

• heroin
• morphine
• opium
• oxycodone
• hydrocodone
• can cause death by respiratory depression

Question 18

consciousness-altering drugs

mesolimbic pathway

Answer 18

• mediates drug addiction
• includes nucleus accumbens medial forebrain bundle, and ventral tegmental area
• dopamine is the main neurotransmitter

Question 19

Alterness

selective alertness

Answer 19

allows one to pay attention to particular stimulus while determining if additional stimuli in the backgground require attention

Question 20

alertness

divided alertness

Answer 20

uses automatic processing to pay attention to multiple activities at one time

Question 21

sleep

sequential order of brain waves

Answer 21

beta –> alpha –> theta –> delta

BAT-D

Question 22

sleep

stage 1

Answer 22

• light sleep
• theta waves

Question 23

sleep

stage 2

Answer 23

• slightly deeper sleep
• theta waves
• sleep spindles
• k complexes
• decreased HR, respiration, temperature

Question 24

sleep

stage 3 & 4

Answer 24

• deep sleep
• delta waves
• slow-wave sleeping (SWS)
• most sleep disorders occur at stage 3 & 4
• non-rapid eyemovement sleep (NREM)
• growth hormone released

Question 25

sleep

rapid eye movement

Answer 25

• rem sleep
• the mind appears awake on EEG, but the person is asleep
• eye movements and body paralysis
• mostly beta waves

Question 26

sleep

sleep cycle

Answer 26

• 90 min
• stages 1-2-3-4-3-2-REM or 1-2-3-4-REM

Question 27

sleep

circadian rhythm

Answer 27

• 24 hours
• melatonin triggers sleepiness
• cortisol promotes wakefulness

Question 28

sleep

dreaming

Answer 28

mostly during REM

Question 29

sleep

activation-synthesis theory

Answer 29

• dreams result from brain activation during REM sleep
• activation in brainstem
• synthesis in cortex

Question 30

sleep

dyssomnias

Answer 30

• difficult to fall asleep, stay asleep, or avoid sleep
• insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea

Question 31

sleep

parasomnias

Answer 31

• abnormal movements or behaviors during sleep
• night terrors, sleepwalking

Question 32

language

phonolgy

Answer 32

the actual sound of speech

Question 33

language

morphology

Answer 33

the building blocks of words

Question 34

language

semantics

Answer 34

the meaning of words

Question 35

language

syntax

Answer 35

rules dictating word order

Question 36

language

pragmatics

Answer 36

changes in language delivery depending on context

Question 37

language

nativist (biological) theory

Answer 37

language acquisition is innate

Question 38

language

learning (behaviorist) theory

Answer 38

language acquisition is controlled by operant conditioning and reinforcement by parents and caregivers

Question 39

language

social interactionist theory

Answer 39

language acquisition is caused by motivation to communicate and interact with others

Question 40

language

whorfian hypothesis

Answer 40

• linguistic relativity
• the lens by which we view and interpret the world is created by language

Question 41

language

broca’s area

Answer 41

produces speech

Question 42

language

wernicke’s area

Answer 42

language comprehension

Question 43

language

arcuate fasiculus

Answer 43

connection between broca’s and wernicke’s

Question 44

language

conduction aphasia

Answer 44

can’t repeat words