Learning & Memory

Question 1

Learning

Habituation

Answer 1

becoming used to a stimulus

Question 2

Learning

dishabituation

Answer 2

when 2nd stimulus intervenes causing a resensitization of the original stimulus

Question 3

Learning

associative learning

Answer 3

pairing together stimuli/ responses or behaviors/ consequences

Question 4

Learning

operant conditioning

Answer 4

behavior is changed through the use of consequences

Question 5

learning

operant conditioning: reinforcement

Answer 5

increases likelihood of behavior

Question 6

Learning

operant conditioning: punishment

Answer 6

decreases likelihood of behavior

Question 7

Learning

schedule

Answer 7

the schedule of reinforcement can be based on an amount of time or a ratio of behavior/ reward, and can be either fixed or variable

Question 8

Learning

operant conditioning: positive response

Answer 8

adding something

Question 9

Learning

operant conditioning: negative response

Answer 9

removing something

Question 10

Learning

extinction

Answer 10

when a previouslt reinforced behavior is no longer reinforced, it goes extinct

Question 11

Learning

shaping

Answer 11

in operant conditioning, shaping is a when behavior that is closer to the target behavior is reinforced

Question 12

Learning

classical conditioning

Answer 12

with repitition, a neutral stimulus becomes conditioned stimulus that produces a conditioned response

Question 13

Learning

observational learning or modeling

Answer 13

the acqisition of behavior by watching others

Question 14

memory

encoding

Answer 14

• the process of putting new info into memory
• it can be automatic or effortful
• semantic encoding is stronger than both acoustic and visual encoding

Question 15

memory

sensory & short term memory

Answer 15

transient and based on neurotransmitter activity

(<1 min)

Question 16

memory

working memory

Answer 16

• stores information temporarily during the completion of cognitive tasks
• requires short term memory
• executive function to manipulate information

Question 17

memory

long term memory

Answer 17

• takes info from short-term memory store and creates lasting memories
• requires elaborate rehearsal and is the result of neuronal connectivity
• types: explicit (declarative) memory, implicit (nondeclarative memory)
• last lifetime

Question 18

memory

explicit (declarative) memory

Answer 18

• accounts for memories that we must consciously recall with effort and focus
• conscious
• facts, events

Question 19

memory

implicit (nondeclarative) memory

Answer 19

• accounts for acquired skills and conditioned responses to circumstances and stimuli
• unconscious
• skills, tasks

Question 20

memory

semantic networks

Answer 20

• stores facts
• concepts are linked together based on similar meaning
• certain triggers will activate associated memories

Question 21

memory

retrieval

Answer 21

• recognition of info is stronger than recall
• retrieval is often based on priming interconnected nodes of the semantic network

Question 22

memory

alzheimers

Answer 22

• degenerative brain disorder linked to a loss of Ach in neurons that link to hippocampus
• causes dementia and memoy loss

Question 23

memory

korsakoff’s syndrome

Answer 23

• memory loss caused by thiamine deficiency in the brain
• causes retrograde amnesia and anterograde amnesia
• causes confabulation

Question 24

memory

confabulation

Answer 24

fabrication of vivid but fake memories

Question 25

memory

agnosia

Answer 25

• loss of ability to recognize objects, people or sounds
• usually caused by physical damage to brain

Question 26

memory

retroactive interference

Answer 26

new memories make you forget old memories

Question 27

memory

proactive interference

Answer 27

old memories interfere with learning new memories

Question 28

memory

declarative memory

Answer 28

information that you can consciously recall, state, and describe

Question 29

memory

episodic memory

type of declarative memory

Answer 29

events, experiences

Question 30

memory

semantic memory

type of declarative memory

Answer 30

facts, concepts

Question 31

discriminating stimuli

Answer 31

a specific environmental cue that signals to the individual that a particular behavior will be reinforcement or punishment

Question 32

overextension

Answer 32

applying a term for one class of objects to other objects that bear only a superficial resemblance