Motivation, Emotion, & Stress

Question 1

motivation

instincts

Answer 1

innate, fixed patterns of behavior in response to stimuli

Question 2

motivation

instinct theory

Answer 2

people perform certain behaviors because of their evolutionarily programmed instincts

Question 3

motivation

arousal

Answer 3

the state of being awake and reactive to stimuli

Question 4

motivation

optimal arousal theory

Answer 4

• optimal performance requires optimal arousal
• arousal levels that are too high or too low will impede performance

Question 5

motivation

drives

Answer 5

internal states of tension that beget particular behaviors focused on goals

Question 6

motivation

primary drives

Answer 6

related to biological drives

Question 7

motivation

secondary drives

Answer 7

stem from learning

Question 8

motivation

drive reduction theory

Answer 8

motivation arises from the desire to eliminate drives, which create uncomfortable internal states

Question 9

motivation

maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 9

• physiological, safety and security, love and belonging, self-esteem, and self-actualization
• higher needs only produce drives one lower needs are met

Question 10

motivation

self-actualization

Answer 10

full realization of ones talents and potential

Question 11

motivation

self-determination theory

Answer 11

emphasizes 3 universal needs:
1. autonomy
2. competence
3. relatedness

Question 12

motivation

incentive theory

Answer 12

explains motivation as the desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishment

Question 13

motivation

expectancy-value ratio

Answer 13

the amount of motivation for a task is based on the expectation of success and the value of that success

Question 14

motivation

opponent-process theory

Answer 14

explains motivation for drug use:
* as drug use increases, the body counteracts its effects, leading to tolerance and uncomfortable withdrawl symptoms

Question 15

motivation

house money effect

Answer 15

after a prior gain, people become more open to assuming risk since the new money is not treated as one’s own

Question 16

motivation

gambler’s fallacy

Answer 16

if something happens more frequently than normal, it will happen less frequently in the future, or vis versa

Question 17

motivation

prisoner’s dilemma

Answer 17

two people act out of their own self-interest, but if they had copperated, the results would have been even better

Question 18

emotion

three components of emotion

Answer 18

• cognitive: subjective
• physiological: changes in autonomic NS
• behavioral: facial expressions and body language

Question 19

emotion

7 universal emotions

Answer 19

• happiness
• sadness
• contempt
• suprise
• fear
• disgust
• anger

Question 20

emotions

james-lange theory

Answer 20

behavioral and physiological actions lead to emotions

arousal –> heart pounding –> fear

Question 21

emotions

cannon-bard theory

Answer 21

• emotional and physiological responses to a stimulus occur simultaneosuly
• they arise from separate and independent areas of the brain

arousal –> heart pounding + fear

Question 22

emotions

schacter-singer theory

Answer 22

• two-factor theory of emotion
• physiological arousal and interpretation of context or “cognitve label lead to emotion”

arousal –> heart pounding + cognitive label –> fear

Question 23

emotions

limbic system

Answer 23

concerned with instincts and mood

Question 24

stress

primary stress appraisal

Answer 24

classifying a potential stressor as irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful

Question 25

stress

secondary stress apraisal

Answer 25

evaluating if the organism an cope with the stress

Question 26

stress

general adaptation syndrome

Answer 26

• specific stressors do not have specific responses, they all generate the same general physical stress response
• 3 stages of stress

Question 27

stress

3 stages of stress

Answer 27

1. alarm
2. resistance
3. exhaustion

• these involve both the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system
• release ACTH leads to increased cortisol

Question 28

extrinsic motivation

Answer 28

any motivation that results from incentives to perform a behavior that are not inherent to the behavior itself

Question 29

external motivation

Answer 29

described as social pressure, which is an example of extrinsic motivation