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A&P 1 > Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation > Flashcards

Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

studies the structure of the body parts and their relationships to one another

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2
Q

Physiology

A

concerns the function of the body; how the body works and carry out their life sustaining activities

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3
Q

Gross or Macroscopic Anatomy

A

the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye (heart, lungs, kidneys)

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4
Q

Regional Anatomy

A

all the structures in a particular region of the body (ie leg) are examined at the same time

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5
Q

Systemic Anatomy

A

body structure is studied system by system (ex: cardiovascular system you would look at the heart and blood vessels of the entire body)

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6
Q

Surface Anatomy

A

study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface; uses palpations

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7
Q

What are the subdivisions of gross anatomy?

A

regional, systemic, and surface anatomy

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8
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye

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9
Q

Cytology

A

study of cells

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10
Q

Histology

A

study of tissues

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11
Q

What are the subdivisions of microscopic anatomy?

A

cytology and histology

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12
Q

Developmental Anatomy

A

traces structural changes that occur throughout the lifespan

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13
Q

Where does physiology often focus?

A

on molecular or cellular level

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14
Q

Principle of Complementary of Structure and Function

A

what a structure can do depends on its specific form

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15
Q

What is the simplest level of structural hierarchy?

A

chemical level

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16
Q

What is the smallest living thing?

A

cells

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17
Q

Tissues

A

groups of similar cells that have a common function

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18
Q

What are the four basic tissue types?

A

epithelial, muscle, connective, and nervous

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19
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

covers the bodies surface and lines cavities

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20
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

provides movement

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21
Q

Connective Tissue

A

supports and protects body organs

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22
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

provides a means of rapid internal communication by transmitting electrical impulses

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23
Q

Organ

A

discrete structure composed of at least 2 tissue types that performs a specific functions for the body

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24
Q

Organ System

A

group of organs that work together to perform a vital body function ie nervous system

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25
Q

What is the highest level of organization?

A

the organism

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26
Q

Organismal Level

A

represents the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive

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27
Q

Integumentary Sys

A

aka skin; encloses the whole body, protects internal organs from drying out, infection, heat, sunlight, chemical etc

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28
Q

Movement

A

includes the activities promoted by the muscular sys; also occurs when substances go through internal organs (such as blood)

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29
Q

Contractility

A

muscle cells ability to move by shortening

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30
Q

Reponsiveness

A

aka excitability; the ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment then respond to them

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31
Q

Digestion

A

the breaking down of ingested food to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood

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32
Q

Metabolism

A

includes all chemical reactions that occur within body cells

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33
Q

Excretion

A

process of removing wastes from the body

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34
Q

Growth

A

an increase in size of a body part or organism as a whole; usually accomplished by increasing the number of cells

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35
Q

What are some of our survival needs?

A

nutrients (food), oxygen, water, appropriate temperature and atmospheric pressure

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36
Q

Nutrients

A

chemical substances taken in via the diet that are used for energy and cell building

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37
Q

Oxygen

A

nutrients is useless without oxygen because the chemical reactions needed are oxidative

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38
Q

Water

A

50-60% body weigh; most abundant chemical substance; provides watery environment for reactions and fluid base

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39
Q

Normal Body Temp

A

must be maintained; too low temps causes reactions to slow and eventually stop; too high temps cause reactions to speed up and eventually stop

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40
Q

What generates most of our body heat?

A

muscular system

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41
Q

Appropriate Atmospheric Pressure

A

force that air exerts on the body; breathing depends on appropriate pressure

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42
Q

Homeostasis

A

state of body equilibrium or stable internal environment

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43
Q

Receptor

A

first component; sensor that monitors environment; responds to stimuli (change) by sending info to control center

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44
Q

Control Center

A

determines the set point (level that variable is to be maintained); analyzes input by comparing to set point and determines appropriate response; info flows from control center to effector

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45
Q

Effector

A

carries out the control centers response to the stimulus

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46
Q

Negative Feedback Mechanism

A

most common homeostatic control mechanism; net effect is that the output of the system shuts off the original system or reduces intensity; goal of preventing severe changes in the body

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47
Q

Positive Feedback Mechanism

A

initial response enhances the original stimulus so that further reponses are even greater; ie labor/childbirth and blood clotting

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48
Q

Anatomical Position

A

body is erect with feet slightly apart, palms face forward, and thumbs point away from the body

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49
Q

Superior

A

aka cranial; toward the head or upper part of a structure on the body; ex) head is superior to abdomen

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50
Q

Inferior

A

aka caudal; away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or body; ex) naval is inferior to chin

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51
Q

Anterior

A

aka ventral; toward or at the front of the body; ex) breastbone is anterior to the spine

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52
Q

Posterior

A

aka dorsal; toward or at the back of the body; behind; ex) heart is posterior to the breastbone

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53
Q

Medial

A

toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of; ex) heart is medial to the arm

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54
Q

Lateral

A

away from the midline of the body; on the other side of; ex) the arms are lateral to the chest

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55
Q

Intermediate

A

between a more medial and a more lateral structure; ex) collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder

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56
Q

Proximal

A

closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk; ex) elbow is proximal to the wrist

57
Q

Distal

A

farther from the origin of a body part or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk; ex) knee is distal to the thigh

58
Q

Superficial

A

aka external; toward or at the body surface; ex) skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles

59
Q

Deep

A

aka internal; away from the body surface; more internal; ex) the lungs are deep to the skin

60
Q

Axial Part

A

makes up the main axis of our body; includes head, neck, and trunk

61
Q

Appendicular Part

A

consists of appendages or limbs which are attached to the bodys axis

62
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts

63
Q

What is it called when the sagittal plane is directly in the middle of the body?

A

midsagittal plane or median plane

64
Q

What is it called when the sagittal plane is offset from the middle of the body?

A

parasagittal plane

65
Q

Frontal Plane

A

lie vertically; divide the body into anterior and posterior parts

66
Q

Transverse Plane

A

horizontal; divide body into superior and inferior parts; aka cross section

67
Q

Dorsal Body Cavity

A

protects the fragile nervous sys organs; cranial cavity (in the skull encasing the brain) and vertebral/spinal cavity (runs within bony vertebral column, encloses spinal fluid)

68
Q

Ventral Body Cavity

A

more anterior and larger of the closed body cavities

69
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the ventral body cavity?

A

thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

70
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

surrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest; subdivided into lateral pleural cavities (each enveloping a lung) and the medial mediastinum (contains pericardial cavity including heart and other remaining thoracic organs trachea, esophagus etc)

71
Q

What separates the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

diaphragm

72
Q

What are the two parts of the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

abdominal cavity (stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, etc) and pelvic cavity (bladder, reproductive organs, rectum)

73
Q

Parietal Serosa

A

part of the double layered membrane that lines the walls of the ventral body cavity

74
Q

Visceral Serosa

A

part of the double layered membrane that lines the outer surfaces of organs within the ventral body cavity

75
Q

What quadrants is the abdominopelvic cavity divided into?

A

right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), left lower quadrant (LLQ)

76
Q

What are the nine quadrants the abdominopelvic cavity is divided into?

A

umbilical region, pubic (hypogastric) region, right and left inguinal or iliac region, right and left lateral lumbar region, right and left hypochondriac region,

77
Q

Umbilical Region

A

centermost region deep to and surrounding the umbilicus (navel)

78
Q

Epigastric Region

A

superior to the umbilical region

79
Q

Pubic (hypogastric) region

A

located inferior to umbilical region

80
Q

Right and Left Inguinal or Iliac Region

A

lateral to the hypogastric region

81
Q

Right and Left Lateral Lumbar Region

A

lie lateral to the umbilical region

82
Q

Right and Left Hypochondriac Region

A

lie lateral to the epigastric region and deep to the ribs

83
Q

Oral and Digestive Cavity

A

oral cavity contains teeth and gums, part of and continuous with the cavity of the digestive organs, which opens to the body exterior at the anus

84
Q

Nasal Cavity

A

located within and posterior to the nose; part of respiratory sys pathways

85
Q

Orbital Cavitities

A

in the skull; house the eyes and present them in an anterior position

86
Q

Middle Ear Cavity

A

just medial to the eardrums; contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ears

87
Q

Synovial Cavities

A

joint cavities; enclosed within fibrous capsules that surround freely moveable joints

88
Q

Form _____________ function

A

determines

89
Q

Form = ___________ and Function =___________

A

anatomy; physiology

90
Q

Complementarity

A

inseparable relationship between structure and function

91
Q

Levels of Organization from Smallest to Largest

A

chemical, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

92
Q

Integumentary System

A

forms external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury; synthesizes vitamin D; houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc) receptors; and sweat and oil glands

93
Q

Skeletal System

A

protects and supports body organs; provides framework for the muscles to cause movement; blood cells are formed within bones; bones store minerals

94
Q

Muscular System

A

allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion and facial expression; maintain posture; and produces heat

95
Q

Nervous System

A

fast acting control system; responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

96
Q

Endocrine System

A

glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells

97
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dixode, nutrients, wastes, etc; the heart pumps blood

98
Q

Lymphatic System/ Immunity

A

picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity

99
Q

Respiratory System

A

keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide; exchanges occur through the wall of the air sacs of the lungs

100
Q

Digestive System

A

breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells; indigestible foodstuffs are eleminated as feces

101
Q

Urinary System

A

eliminates nitogenous wastes from the body; regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood

102
Q

Reproductive System

A

overall function to produce offspring; stops/regulates bone growth

103
Q

What are the requirements of life/necessary life functions?

A

maintaining boundaries; movement; responsiveness; digestion; metabolism; excretion; reproduction

104
Q

Catabolism

A

large to small breakdown

105
Q

Anabolism

A

build large from small

106
Q

Reproduction

A

division of cells (mitosis) for growth and repair; reproduction of off spring; creating offspring is not critical for the individual but it is for the species

107
Q

What are the survival needs?

A

nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temp, appropriate atmospheric pressure

108
Q

Nutrients

A

must consume nutrients; carbs proteins and lipids

109
Q

Proteins

A

building blocks of bones, muscles, cartiledge, and skin

110
Q

Fats

A

long term energy; energy reserve; is used if carbs are not available

111
Q

Carbohydrates

A

main source of energy for cells

112
Q

Minerals and Vitamins

A

minerals serve as a structural component (calcium) and vitamins are involved with metabolism (vit. A)

113
Q

Oxygen

A

acts as a final electron acceptor in cellular respiration (ATP production); without oxygen cells can not make ATP

114
Q

Water

A

most abundant compound in the body (50-60% of body weight); provides environment that is necessary for chemical reactions to occur; body/kidneys are good at retaining water

115
Q

Normal Body Temp

A

temps higher or lower than 37 degrees C affect rates of chemical reactions; if too high enzymes can break down; body actually functions best one degree above 37

116
Q

Appropriate Atmospheric Pressure

A

specific air pressure needed for breathing and gas exhange in the lungs; above sea level- lower air pressure; below sea level- higher air pressure

117
Q

Homeostasis

A

means steady state; ability to maintain a relatively constant internal environment despite changes in external environment; involves all organ systems but nervous and endocrine sys most important

118
Q

What does the inability to maintain homeostasis lead to?

A

disease

119
Q

What is involved in the homeostatic control mechanism?

A

receptor (sensor); control center; and effector

120
Q

If you are talking about arm or leg do not use….?

A

superior/inferior; only use superior/inferior if referring to the trunk or head

121
Q

Our anterior/posterior is what on four legged animals?

A

ventral/dorsal

122
Q

Proximal/distal is only used for….?

A

arms and legs

123
Q

Planes

A

are surfaces along which the body or structures are cut

124
Q

Sections

A

are cuts made along a body plane; named after the plane

125
Q

Oblique Plane

A

divides the body at an angle; any angle other than trasverse, coronal, or sagirtall

126
Q

Dorsal Body Cavity

A

protects central nervous system (CNS) which includes the brain and spinal cord (just the cord not the nerves coming out); dorsal cavity is divided into the cranial and vertebral cavity

127
Q

What is the brain and spinal cord covered in?

A

meninges, which are only in the brain and spinal cord they are covered in fluid

128
Q

Ventral Body cavity

A

houses internal organs; subdivided into thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity

129
Q

What are all the organs in the ventral body cavity called?

A

viscera

130
Q

The diaphragm is not….

A

in the thoracic or abdominopelvic cavity; it is a dividing mark between the two cavities

131
Q

What is the thoracic cavity divided into?

A

plural cavities; mediastinum

132
Q

Plural Cavities

A

contain the lungs; one cavity for each lung

133
Q

Mediastinum

A

contains the pleural cavity and houses the heart; the superior mediastinum hoses the heart, blood vessels, esophagus, trachea, etc and the inferior mediastinum is pericardial cavity

134
Q

What is between the visceral membrane and parietal membrane?

A

serous fluid

135
Q

Pericardium

A

membranes associated with the heart; parietal pericardium (covers pericardial cavity); visceral pericardium (lines the heart)

136
Q

Pleurae

A

membranes associated with the lungs; parietal pleura (lines pleural cavity); visceral pleura (covers the lungs)

137
Q

Peritoneum

A

organs of the abdominopelvic cavity; parietal peritoneum lines abdominal pelvic cavity; visceral peritoneum: most of the abdominopelvic cavity

138
Q

Retroperitoneum and examples

A

organs that are behind the peritoneum; adrenal gland, kidneys, pancreas (except the tail), ascending and descending colon

A&P 1 (16 decks)

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