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A&P 1 > Chapter 5: Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the integumentary system consist of?

A

skin, hair, nails, sudoriferous glands, sebaceous glands

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2
Q

Skin

A

cover entire body surface; varies in thickness (1.5-4.0mm) thick; 2 distinct layers

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3
Q

What are the distinct layers of the skin?

A

epidermis and dermis

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4
Q

Epidermis

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium; avascular; has free nerve endings

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5
Q

What are the cells types found in the epidermis?

A

keratinocytes, melanocytes, Dendritic (langerhans) cells; tactile epithelial (merkel) cells

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6
Q

Keratinocytes

A

most abundant type; produce hard keratin (hard protective protein); interconnected via tight junctions and desmosomes (which allow skin to be pliable)

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7
Q

Melanocytes

A

found in deepest epidermal layer (stratum basale); produce melanin (pigment transferred to keratinoctyes); melanin protects nucleus of keratinocytes from UV dammage (like an umbrella)

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8
Q

What does sun exposure do?

A

stimulates melanocytes to increase production of melanin which leads to darkening of the skin

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9
Q

Excessive Sun Exposure damages the skin….

A

leathery skin (clumping of elastic fibers); increase chance of skin cancer; depresses immune system

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10
Q

Dendritic Cells

A

aka Langerhans cells; defense cells; ingest foreign substances; activate immune responses

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11
Q

Tactile Epithelial Cells

A

aka Merkel cells; only tactile cells found in epidermis; located at epidermal/dermal junction; detect light pressure

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12
Q

Thick Skin

A

all layers are thicker and includes the stratum lucidum; no oil glands; made of 5 layers; includes the palms, fingertips, soles of feet; has a thicker stratum corneum; does not have hairs

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13
Q

Thin Skin

A

made of 4 layers; has oil glands; does not have stratum lucidum; found all over body except for palms, fingertips, soles of feet; has a thinner stratum corneum

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14
Q

Stratum Basale

A

deepest; single row of mitoti stem cells (produce new keratinocytes); will also find melanocytes and tactile epithelial cells

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15
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A

aka prickly area (becomes when you do a slide it separates the cells and you can see the desmosomes); several rows of keratinocytes connected via desmosomes; dendritic cells concentrated here

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16
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A

aka granular layer; 1-5 rows of flattened keratinocytes connected via tight junctions; organelles deteriorating (too far away from nutrients); cytoplasm full of granules

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17
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A

aka clear layer; ONLY found in thick skin; always on top of granulosum layers; few rows of flat dead keratinocytes

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18
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

aka horny layer (meaning thick or tough); 20-30 rows of flattened keratin packed cells; intercellular glycolipids provide waterproofing (between cells); sloughed off regulary; not the thickest layer in thin skin

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19
Q

Dermis

A

vascular, innervated; 2 layers: papillary dermis and reticular dermis; areolar tissue is normally below epidermis

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20
Q

Papillary Dermis

A

thin, uppermost dermal layer, about 20% of dermis; made of areolar tissue; projects into epidermis forming dermal papillae

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21
Q

Fingerprints

A

in growing fetus, dermal papillaw of thick skin cretae a unique pattern of epidermal ridges called friction ridges (aka fingerprints); fingerprints of identical twins are different (but they are more similar than siblings)

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22
Q

Reticular Dermis

A

thick, deep, dermal layer; about 80% of dermis; made of dense irregular connective tissue; collagen fibers form bundles that run paralell to the skin surface; spaces between collagen bundles form cleavage lines

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23
Q

What are stretch marks?

A

tears in the dermis; form striae

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24
Q

What are blisters?

A

fluid filled pocket formed at epidermis/dermis junction

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25
Q

What three pigments determine skin color?

A

melanin, carotene, hemoglobin

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26
Q

Carotene

A

orange, accumulates in stratum corneum and subcutaneous fat

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27
Q

Hemoglobin

A

RBC’s in dermal blood vessels; veins appear blue because the hemoglobin is poorly oxidized; blue tinted skin is cyanosis

28
Q

Hair

A

covers body except for palms, soles, lips, nipples, and parts of external genitalia; 2 regions- shaft (projects above skin) and root (embedded in skin)

29
Q

What are the two hair types?

A

vellus hairs- short and fine (like peach fuzz); terminal hairs- are coarse and thick

30
Q

Hair Itself

A

consists of dead keratinized cells arragned in 3 concentric rings; cuticle, cortex, medulla

31
Q

Cuticle

A

1 layer of hevily keratinized overlapping cells

32
Q

Cortex

A

many layers of pigments cells (melanin, pheomelanin)

33
Q

Medulla

A

core; cells contain air spaces; absent in fine/vellus hairs

34
Q

Hair Matrix

A

cells that produce hair

35
Q

Melanocytes

A

produce melanin and pheomelanin

36
Q

Hair Papilla

A

dermal papilla that produces in hair bulb; contains knot of capillaries

37
Q

Arrector Pili

A

follicle associated with an arrector pili muscle (smooth muscle); contractions force sebum out of hair follicle onto skin surface; causes hair to stand on end producing goose bumps

38
Q

Nails

A

contain hard keratin; produced by nail matrix

39
Q

Lunule

A

white proximal half-moon area; not the white part that you cut

40
Q

Eponychium

A

cuticle

41
Q

Sudoriferous Glands

A

sweat glands; two types eccrine and apocrine

42
Q

Eccrine Glands

A

most of sweat glands; secretes primarily water, salts, traces of metabolic wastes and dermacidin (antibacterial) which keeps certain bacteria from living on skin and the acids help with bacteria

43
Q

Apocrine Glands

A

begin functioning at puberty; has proteins and lipids but when the bacteria breaks down it starts to smell; NOT involved with temp control

44
Q

What are modified apocrine glands?

A

ceruminous glands-produce cerumen (earwax); mammary glands- secrete milk

45
Q

Sebaceous Glands

A

produce sebum; oil; lubricates skin and hair; help prevent water loss; everywhere except palms and feet

46
Q

Functions of the Skin

A

protection, thermoregulation; sensation, production of vitamin D; blood resevoir; excretion

47
Q

Protection

A

chemical barrier- acidic secretions, melanin, dermacidin and sebum; physical barrier-keratinized cells and glycolipids of epidermis; biological barrier- dendritic cells (epidermis) and macrophages (dermis)

48
Q

Thermoregulation

A

sweating and shivering

49
Q

Tactile Corpuscles

A

located in dermal papillae hairless skin; detect light touch

50
Q

Lamellar Corpuscle

A

located in dermis and hypodermis; detect deep pressure

51
Q

Hair Follicle Receptors

A

surround hair follicle bulb; detect hair deflection

52
Q

Free Nerve Endings

A

epidermis and dermis; detect heat, cold, and pain

53
Q

Production of Vitamin D

A

sunlight stimulates skin cells to produce vitamin D

54
Q

Blood Resevoir

A

blood vessels in dermis hold 5% of blood volumEx

55
Q

Excretion

A

small amounts of nitrogenous wastes (urea, uric acid, ammonia) in sweat

56
Q

Skin Cancer

A

most common type of cancer; 3 forms- basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcenoma, melanoma

57
Q

Basal Cell Carcinoma

A

most common *80%); least malignant; grows slowly; arises from stratum basale cells

58
Q

Squamous Cell Carcenoma

A

most often on head and hands; arises from stratum spinosum cells; grows rapidly and will metastasize; curable if caught early

59
Q

Melanoma

A

rarest type (1%); but most deadly because highly metastic; arises from melanocytes

60
Q

ABCD Rule of Melanoma

A

asymmetry- 2 sides of pigmented area dont match; border irregularity- borders indented; color- areas have several colors; diameter- spot is greater than 6 mm in diameter

61
Q

1st Degree Burns

A

epidermis damage; localized redness

62
Q

2nd Degree Burns

A

epidermis and upper dermis damaged; redness and blisters

63
Q

3rd Degree Burns

A

full thickness; epidermis and entire dermis damaged; requires skin grafting

64
Q

Burns are critical if…

A

> 25% of body has 2nd degree burns; >10% of body has 3rd degree burns

65
Q

Immediate Threat of Burns

A

loss of body fluids

66
Q

Subsequent Threat of Burns

A

infection and sepsis (leading cause of death) which is widespread bacterial infection

A&P 1 (16 decks)

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