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A&P 1 > Chapter 15: The Special Senses > Flashcards

Chapter 15: The Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

The Eye and Vision

A

vision is dominant sense with 70% of all sensory receptors in the eyes

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2
Q

Eyebrows

A

shade eyes from sun; helps keep perspiration (sweat) out of the eye

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3
Q

Corrugator Supercili

A

draws the eyebrows medially

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4
Q

Orbicularis Oculi

A

depresses eyebrows

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5
Q

Frontal Belly

A

elevates eyebrows

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6
Q

Eyelids

A

aka palpebrae; skin covered folds supported by tarsal plates; eyelashes project from free margin of each eyelid; blink every 3-7 secs (helps spread accessory structure secretions, keeping eye moist)

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7
Q

Levator Palpebrae Superioris

A

raises eyelid to open eye

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8
Q

Lacrimal Caruncle

A

fleshy elevation in medial corner of eye; produces sandmans eye sand (the crusties)

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9
Q

Tarsal Glands

A

located within tarsal plates; produces oily secreation (lubricates eye; prevents lids from sticking together)

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10
Q

Sebaceous glands of eyelash follicles…

A

keeps eyelashes flexibile

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11
Q

What is a chalazion?

A

inflammed tarsal galnd and is PAINLESS

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12
Q

What is a sty?

A

inflammation of sebaceous gland of eyelash; PAINFUL

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13
Q

Conjunctiva

A

transparent mucous membrane; produces a lubricating mucus (keeps eyelids from drying out)

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14
Q

Palpebral Conjunctiva

A

lines eyelids

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15
Q

Bulbar Conjunctiva

A

covers surface of eyeball with exception of cornea

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16
Q

What is pink eye?

A

inflammation of conjunctiva bc of bacteria or virus

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17
Q

What is conjunctivitis?

A

inflammation of conjunctiva

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18
Q

Lacrimal Apparatus

A

consists of lacrimal gland (produces tears) and ducts draining tears into nasal cavity

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19
Q

Tears

A

contain mucus, antibodies and lysozyme (bacterial killing enzyme)

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20
Q

Flow of Tears

A

lacrimal gland to eyeball to lacrimal puncta (tear holes) to lacrimal canaliculi to lacrimal sac to nsaolacrimal duct to nasal cavity

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21
Q

Extrinsic Eye Muscles

A

attach to surface of the eye; skeletal muscles that control movement of the eyeball; lateral rectus, medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique, superior oblique

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22
Q

Lateral Rectus

A

moves eye laterally; controlled by cranial nerve VI (abducens)

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23
Q

Medial Rectus

A

moves eye medially; controlled by cranial nerve III (oculomotor)

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24
Q

Superior Rectus

A

elevates eye and turns it medially; controlled by cranial nerve III (oculomotor)

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25
Q

Inferior Rectus

A

depresses eye and turns it medially; controlled by cranial nerve III (oculomotor)

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26
Q

Inferior Oblique

A

elevates eye and turns it laterally; controlled by cranial nerve III (oculomotor)

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27
Q

Superior Oblique

A

depresses eye and turns it laterally; controlled by cranial nerve IV (trochlear)

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28
Q

What is Diplopia?

A

double vision; left and right eye not coordinating properly

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29
Q

What is strabismus?

A

congenital; weakness in 1 or more extrinsic eye muscles; treated by therapy or putting an eyepatch over the good eye

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30
Q

Fibrous Layer of the Eye

A

outermost layer; consists of dense avascular connective tissue

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31
Q

Sclera

A

white of eye; protects and shapes eye ; anchors extrinsic eye muscle

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32
Q

Cornea

A

transparent, anterior most region; contains nociceptors; only tissue in body that can be transplanted with little risk of rejection

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33
Q

Vascular Layer

A

aka uvea; pigmented layer consisting of choroid, ciliary body and iris

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34
Q

Choroid

A

vascular, dark brown membrane; nourishes alll eye layers; absorbs light preventing it from scattering

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35
Q

Ciliary Body

A

thickened ring of tissue around iris; ciliary muscle: controls lens shape; Ciliary Process: folds that secrete aqueous humor; Suspensory Ligaments: (ciliary zonule) thin fibers connecting lens to ciliary process

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36
Q

Iris

A

colored portion of the eye anterior to lens; contains muscles (sphinctor and dilator pupillae) that alter size of pupil to regulated amount of light entering the eye

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37
Q

Sphincter Pupillae

A

constricts pupil; bright light and close vision

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38
Q

Dilator Pupillae

A

pupil dilates; dim light and far vision

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39
Q

Retina

A

innermost layer; delicate; extends anteriorly to ora serrata; consists of two layers: pigmented and neural layer

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40
Q

Pigmented Layer

A

single layer of cells adjacent to choroid; absorbs light preventing it from scattering

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41
Q

Neural Layer

A

contains 3 main types of neurons: photorecptors (rods and cones; more rods than cones), bipolar cells, and ganglion cells

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42
Q

What is a detached retina?

A

photoreceptors detach from pigmented layer; pigmented layer nourishes photoreceptors

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43
Q

Optic Disc

A

blind spot; region of eye where optic nerve and blood vessels enter the eye; lacks photoreceptors

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44
Q

The choroid nourishes….

A

the upper part of the photoreceptors; central artery nourishes remaining cells of the retina

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45
Q

Macula Lutea

A

lateral to optic disc; region of mostly cones

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46
Q

Fovea Centralis

A

cones only; region of greatest visual activity

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47
Q

Cone Density and Rod Density

A

cone density decreases and rod density increases as you move away from macula lutea

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48
Q

Suspensory Ligaments Divides the Eye into 2 Main Compartments…

A

posterior segment and anterior segment

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49
Q

Posterior Segment

A

contains gel-like vitreous humor which functions to transmit light, support lens, hold neural layer of retina against pigmented layer

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50
Q

Vitreous humor is…

A

formed in the embryo and retained for life; does not regenerate

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51
Q

Anterior Segment

A

contains watery aqueous humor which transmits light, supplies nutrients and O2 to lens and cornea, carries metabolic wastes away; it forms and drains CONTINUOUSLY (unlike vitreous humor)

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52
Q

Anterior Segment subdivided…

A

by iris into 2 chambers: anterior chamber (in front of lens) and posterior chamber (kinda where suspensory ligaments are)

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53
Q

What is Glaucoma

A

to much aqueous humor and puts pressure on lens which pressures the vitreous humor which in turn pressures the photoreceptors which can cause damage

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54
Q

ADD CIRCULATION OF AQUEOUS HUMOR

A
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55
Q

Lens

A

transparent, biconvex, flexible structure; avascular; held in place by suspensory ligaments; enlarges throughout life; becomes denser and less elastic as we age

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56
Q

What are Cataracts?

A

clouding of lens (NOT the cornea); smoking and sun exposure increases risk

57
Q

Photoreceptors detect…

A

wavelengths of visible light (400-700 nm) which is a small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum; gama, xray, and UV is damaging; infrared, micro, and radio waves are harmless

58
Q

Properties of Light

A

consists of photons (packets of energy); when photons strike an object they can be reflected, absorbed or transmitted; reflected wavelengths give objects their color; white objects reflect all wavelengths of light; black absorbs all wavelengths of light; light travels in a straight line at a constant speed, however speed changes as it passes through transparent media that have different densities; it speeds up when it passes into a less dense medium and slows down when it passes into a denser medium; because of difference in speed light is refracted

59
Q

Lens of our Eye is….

A

convex; light is bent as it passes through, converging behind the lens at a focal point

60
Q

The more convex the lens is…

A

the shorter the focal distance

61
Q

The less convex the lens is…

A

the longer the focal distance

62
Q

What is the image formed by the lens called?

A

real image; it is upside down and reverse

63
Q

Pathway of Light

A

cornea to aqueous humor to pupil to lens to vitreous humor to ganglion cells to bipolar cells to photoreceptors

64
Q

Light Refracts when it

A

enters the cornea, enter the lens and exists the lens; light refracts in the eye a total of three times

65
Q

What changes shape to focus images onto the retina?

A

lens

66
Q

What changes the shape of the lens?

A

ciliary muscle and ciliary zonule (suspensory ligament)

67
Q

Relaxation of ciliary muscle…

A

tightens suspensory ligaments allowing lens to flatten

68
Q

Contraction of ciliary muscle…

A

loosens suspensory ligaments and allows lens to bulge

69
Q

Focusing on Distant Objects

A

> 20 ft away; the lens flattens for distance vision; sympathetic input relaxes the ciliary muscles; “far point of vision” (lens completely flattened) aout 20 ft away; eyes are best adapted for distance vision because it is less work (muscles do not need to contract)

70
Q

Focusing on Nearby Objects

A

< 20 ft away; lens bulges for close vision, parasympathetic input contracts the ciliary muscles; involves 3 simultaneous events: accommodation- increasing the refractory power of the lens by contracting the ciliary muscle; 2) pupillary constriction- (accommodation pupillary reflex) prevents the most divergent light rays from entering the eye which would cause blurred vision; 3) convergence of eyeballs- medial rectus muscles of both eyes contracted; “near point vision” (lens completely rounded) about 4 inches (but less in children)

71
Q

Why is viewing close objects more tiring than viewing distant objects?

A

requires a lot of muscle work

72
Q

Myopic Eye

A

eye too long; the images are focused in front of retina; concave lenses needed to move focal point further back; nearsighted (can see near things)

73
Q

Hyperopic Eye

A

eye is too short; focal point behind retina; convex lens needed to move focal point forward; farsighted (can see far things)

74
Q

What is an astigmatism?

A

the lens or cornea is not shaped properly

75
Q

Rods

A

more numerous; non color vision; dim light (high sensitivity); low accuracy; mostly in peripheral retina

76
Q

Cones

A

color vision; low sensitivity (function in bright light); high acuity (clear vision); less numerous; mostly in central retina

77
Q

Visual Pigment

A

formed when retinal (light absorbing pigment made from vitamin A) combines with different types of opsins (proteins)

78
Q

Visual Pigments in Rods

A

retinal + rodopsin = phodopsin

79
Q

Visual Pigments in Cones

A

retinal + S coneopsin = blues cones; retinal + M coneopsin = green cones; retinal + L coneopsin = red cones

80
Q

What is colorblindness?

A

genetic x linked recessive disorder; ren/green most common

81
Q

Light Adaptation

A

occurs when you move from dark into bright light; flood of white light bc retina is “set” for dim light; rod system shuts down; cones activated rapidly (5-10 mins)

82
Q

Dark Adaptation

A

occurs when we move from well lit area to darkness; complete blackness; cones stop functioning due to low light; rods need more time to regenrate rhodopsin (20-30)mins

83
Q

Retinitis Pigmentosa

A

disease that destryos rods; main cause of night blindness in US

84
Q

What is the Visual Pathway?

A

photoreceptors to bipolar cells to ganglion cells to optic nerve (made of ganglion axons) to optic chiasma to optic tracts to thalamus to primary visual cortex

85
Q

Each primary visual cortex receives input from…

A

both eyes

86
Q

Right Visual Cortex receives…

A

input from left visual field (temporal photorecptors) of right eye and medial from left)

87
Q

Left Visual Cortex recieves…

A

input from right visual field (temporal photoreceptors of left eye and medial photoreceptors of right eye)

88
Q

Olfactory Receptors

A

are chemorecptors; respond to odorants (volatile chemicals) dissolved in fluids of the nasal cavity

89
Q

Olfactory Epithelium

A

covers the superior nasal conchae; consists of olfactory neurons (ciliated bipolar neurons; life span of 30-60 days); support cells (produce mucus); olfactory stem cells (differentiate to replace olfactory neurons)

90
Q

What is the olfactory pathway?

A

olfactory neurons to olfactory nerves (pass through cribriform plate of ethmoid) to olfactory bulb to olfactory tract to primary olfactory cortex (in uncus of temporal lobe); olfactory info also routed to limbic system where emotional responses to odors are elicited

91
Q

Anosmia

A

inability to smell; typically results from head injuries that tear olfactory nerves or nasal cavity infection

92
Q

Gustation Receptors

A

chemoreceptors; respond to food chemicals dissolved in saliva

93
Q

Taste Bud Structure

A

most located on papillae (raised areas) on tongue ; consists of gustatory epithelial cells (receptor cells with gustatory cells and have a life span of 7-10 days); basal epithelial cells (differentiate to replace gustatory epithelial cells)

94
Q

Basic Tastes

A

sweet, sour, umami, salts, bitter; taste is 80% smell

95
Q

Gustatory Pathway

A

taste buds to crnaial nerves VII, IX and X to medulla oblongata to thalamus to gustatory cortex (insular lobe); gustatory info also routed to limbic system where we gain an appreciation of what we are tasting

96
Q

External (outer) Ear

A

consists of auricle and external acoustic meatus

97
Q

Auricle

A

consists of elastic cartilage; funnels sound waves itno the external acoustic meatus

98
Q

External Acoustic Meatus

A

channel extending from aurcile to tympanic membrane (eardrum); lined with sebaceous glands and ceruminous glands which secrete cerumen (earwax) (which traps forein materials and repels insects)

99
Q

The tympanic membrane…

A

separates external ear and middle ear and is therefore not part of either

100
Q

What are the three regions of the ear?

A

external ear, middles ear, and internal ear

101
Q

Auricle

A

consits of elastic cartilage; funnels sound waves into the external acoustic meatus; part of external ear

102
Q

External Acoustic Meatus

A

channel extending from auricle to tympanic membrane (eardrum); lined with sebaceous glands and ceruminous glands which secrete cerumen (earwax); which protects against foreign materials and repels insects

103
Q

Middle Ear

A

tympanic cavity; air filled cavity in temporal bone; medial wall has 2 openings: oval window (superior) and round window (inferior); cavity connected to nasophaynx by pharynotympanic tube (equalizes air pressure in cavity with external ear pressure)

104
Q

What is otitis media?

A

middle ear infection; typically caused from something that caused a sore throat and it traveled up the pharyngotympanic tube

105
Q

The middle ear contains…

A

auditiory ossicles: malleus, incus, and stapes; function to amplify sound and transmit vibrations to oval window

106
Q

Tensor Tympani and Strapedius Muscles

A

contract reflexivley in response to loud sounds (limits vibrations to protect auditory receptors)

107
Q

Internal Ear

A

aka labyrinth; consits of a bony labyrinth and membranous labrynth

108
Q

Bony Labyrinth

A

cavities within temporal. bone that contain perilymph

109
Q

Membranous Labyrinth

A

interconnected membranous sacs within bony labyrinth containing endolymph

110
Q

What are the three regions of the bony labyrinth?

A

vestibule, semicircular canals and cochlea

111
Q

Vestibule

A

central oval cavity; contains 2 connected membranes sacs suspended in perilymph, the utricle and saccule which house maculae (static equilibrium receptors; respond to head position relative to gravity and linear acceleration)

112
Q

Semicircular Canals

A

anterior, posterior, and lateral; contain membranous semicircular ducts that form ampullae (bulges) at junction with utricle; each ampulla houses a crista ampullaris (dynamic equilibrium receptor; responds to rotations/angular acceleration of head)

113
Q

Cochlea

A

spiral, bony cavity; extends from vestibule and coils about 2 1/2 turns around bone modiolus; running through center of cavity is the membranous cochlear duct

114
Q

What three chambers is the cochlea divided into?

A

scala vestibuli; cochlear duct, and scala tympani

115
Q

Scala Vestibuli

A

part of bony labyrinth; begins at oval window; contains perilymph

116
Q

Cochlear Duct

A

scala media; middle chamber; part of membranous labyrinth; houses spiral organ (receptor for hearing); contains endolymph

117
Q

Scala Tympani

A

part of bony labyrinth; ends at round window; contains perilymph

118
Q

Vestibular Membrane

A

separates scala vestivuli from cochlear duct

119
Q

Basilar Membrane

A

separates cochlear duct from scala tympani

120
Q

Scala vestibuli is continous…

A

with scala tympanu at apex of cochlea

121
Q

Sound

A

pressure disturbances that travel through a medium; speed of sound is slower than light; sound must travel through a medium (fastest in solids; slowest in air)

122
Q

Frequency

A

quality of sound; number of waves per second (hertz, Hz); human range is 20-20000 hz; greatest sensibility is 1500-4000 hz; frequency is perceived by the brain as pitch

123
Q

Amplitude

A

loudness of sound; height of waves measured in decibels (dB); human range is 0dB (barely audible) to > 120 dB (threshold of pain); perceived by the brain as intensity ; severe hearing loss occurs at frequent or prolonged intensities (>90dB)

124
Q

Order of Sound through the Ear

A

auricle to external acoustic meatus to tympanic membrane to malleus to incus to stapes to oval window to scala vestibuli thru the cochlear duct to basilar membrane which vibrates

125
Q

Different sound frequencies cross basilar membrane at different locations

A

low frequency sounds cross near apex; medium frequency sounds cross near middle; high frequency sounds cross near base

126
Q

Transduction of Sound

A

occurs within spiral organ as basilar membrane deflects (bends) stereocilia of inner hair cells

127
Q

Hairs pivoting TOWARDS tallest hair results in…

A

increase hair cell depolarization which leads to increase neurotransmitter release which increases action potential in cochlear nerve

128
Q

Hair pivoting AWAY from tallest hair results in…

A

hair cell hyperpolarization which leads to decrease in neurotransmitter release which decreases action potential in cochlear nerve

129
Q

Outer hair cells act on…

A

basilar membrane; amplifies motion of basilar membrae which increases responsiveness of inner hair cells; helps prevent loud sounds from damaging inner hair cells by dampering motion of basilar membrane

130
Q

The Auditory Pathway

A

inner hair cells to bipolar neurons of cochlear branch of vestibulocochlear nerve to medulla oblongata to thalamus to primary auditory cortex (in temporal lobe); each auditory cortex receives info from both ears

131
Q

What two regions are involved with equilibrium?

A

vestibule (receptors are macula) and semicircular canals (receptors are cristae ampullaris)

132
Q

Maculae

A

located within utricle and saccule; each consists of supporting cells; ahir cells with protruding stereocilia (hairs) and 1 kinocilium embedded in an overlying gel-like membrane studded with otoliths (ear stones)

133
Q

Static Equilibrium Receptors

A

maculae; monitor linear (straight line) acceleration and position of head with respect to gravity; macula in utricle is horizontal–> hairs are vertical and detect straight line movemet in the horizontal plane; macula in saccule is vertical–> hairs are horizontal and detect straight line movement in vertical plane

134
Q

Cristae Ampullaris

A

1 located witin ampulla of each semicircular canal; each consists of hair cells with protruding hair bundles embedded in an overlying gel-like cupula; supporting cells

135
Q

Dynamic Equilibrium Receptors

A

monitor changes in rotational (angular) movement of head; crista ampullaris

136
Q

The Equilibrium Pathway

A

LOOK AT CHART

137
Q

Conduction Deafness

A

occurs when something hampers sound info from reaching internal ear

138
Q

Sensorineural Deafness

A

results from damage to hearing neural structures (hair cells, nerves, auditory cortex)

A&P 1 (16 decks)

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