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A&P 1 > Chapter 4: Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Tissue

A

group of cells that work together to perform a common or related function

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2
Q

What are the four basic types of tissues?

A

epithelial (covers and lines), connective (supportive), muscle (contracts), nervous (controls)

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3
Q

What is the study of tissues?

A

histology

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4
Q

What are the steps of tissue preparation?

A

fixed (preserving the cell/tissue), cut into thin sections, stain them

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5
Q

Types of Microscopy

A

light microscope (compound: has ocular and objective lens); transmission electron microscopy (TEM); scanning electron microscope (SEM)

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6
Q

Epithelial Tissues

A

epithelium or epithelia; covers body surfaces, lines body cavities and forms glands

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?

A

exhibits polarity (having a apical and basal surface); forms continuous sheets; cells held together via tight junctions and desmosomes ; attached to a basement membrane that sit a top connective tissues; avascular and innervated; able to regenerate

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8
Q

Basal Surface

A

lower surface; attached to the basement membrane

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9
Q

Apical Surface

A

uppermost portion; is normally open to outside or a body cavity

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10
Q

Epithelial cells always sit on…..

A

connective tissue

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11
Q

Avascular

A

lack of or without blood vessels

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12
Q

Innervated

A

has nerves

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13
Q

How does the epithelial tissue get its nutrients?

A

since it is avascular the cells must get it from the connective tissue below basal layer; the nutrients diffuse into the cells; if it is a thick layer of cells the further away the cells are from the basal layer the less nutrients they get

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14
Q

What is the classification of epithelial cells based on?

A

number of cell layers (simple or stratified) and shape of cells on the apical surface (squamous, cuboidal, columnar)

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15
Q

Simple epithelial

A

one layer

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16
Q

Stratified Epithelial

A

two or more layers

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17
Q

Squamous Epithelial

A

flattened shape

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18
Q

Cuboidal Epithelial

A

cube shaped

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19
Q

Columnar Epithelial

A

column shape

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20
Q

Description of Simple Squamous Epithelium

A

single layer of flattened cells with disc shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm; the simplest of the epithelia

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21
Q

Function of Simple Squamous Epithelium

A

allows materails to pass by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; secretes lubricating substances in serosae (linings of ventral body cavity)

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22
Q

Location of Simple Squamous Epithelium

A

kidney glomeruli; air sacs of the lungs; lining of heart; blood vessels, and lympahtic vessels; serosae

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23
Q

Endothelium

A

lining of blood vessels and heart; simple squamous associated with cardiovascular

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24
Q

Description of Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A

single layer of cubelike cells with large spherical central nuclei; about as wide as they are long

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25
Q

Function of Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A

secretion and absorption

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26
Q

Location of Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A

kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface

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27
Q

Description of Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei; many cells bear microvilli, some bear cilia; layer may contain mucus-secreting unicellular glands (goblet cells)

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28
Q

Function of Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliary action

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29
Q

Location of Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to rectum), gall bladder, and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus

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30
Q

Goblet Cells

A

single cell gland that produces mucus; found in columnar of digestive system

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31
Q

Description of Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

A

single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reaching the free surface; nuclei seen at different levels; may contain mucus secreting cells and bear cilia

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32
Q

Function of Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

A

secrete substances, particularly mucus; propulsion of mucus by ciliary action

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33
Q

Location of Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

A

ciliated variety lines the trachea and most of the upper respiratory tract; nonciliated type in males sperm carrying ducts and ducts of large glands

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34
Q

Description of Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

thick epithelium composed of several cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active; surface cells are flattened (squamous); in the keratinized type, the surface cells are full of keratin and dead; basal cells are active in mitosis and produce the cells of the more superficial layers

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35
Q

Function of Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion

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36
Q

Location of Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

nonkeratinized type form moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina; keratinized variety forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry epithelium

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37
Q

Keratin

A

protein, protectant, waterproofer

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38
Q

Description of Transitional Epithelium

A

resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome shaped or squamous like, depending on degree of organ stretch

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39
Q

Function of Transitional Epithelium

A

stretches readily, permits stored urine to distend urinary organ

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40
Q

Location of Transitional Epithelium

A

lines the ureters, bladder and part of the urethra

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41
Q

Gland

A

one or more cells specialized to secrete a product

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42
Q

What are the two types of glands?

A

the types are based on where secretions are released; endocrine and exocrine

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43
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

secrete hormones into interstitial fluid (exocytosis); hormones transported via blood stream; ex) thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal gland, testes, ovaries

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44
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

more numerous; secretes products onto surfaces or into body cavities; unicellular or multicellular

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45
Q

Multicellular glands….

A

have ducts that empty their products

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46
Q

Example of a Unicellular gland

A

goblet cell

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47
Q

Pancreas is…

A

both a endocrine and exocrine gland; pancreas produces insulin and releasing hormones

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48
Q

Connective Tissues

A

most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body

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49
Q

Characteristics of Connective Tissues

A

all connective tissues originate from mesenchyme (embryonic tissue); consists mainly of nonliving extracellular matrix (ECM) ;cells are not connected to each other; avascular and vascular ( some are more vascular than others and some are avascular)

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50
Q

What are the structural components of connective tissue?

A

ground substance, protein fibers, cells,

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51
Q

Ground Substance

A

fills spaces between cells; contains fibers; varies from solid (like bone) to liquid

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52
Q

What are the types of protein fibers?

A

collagen, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers

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53
Q

Collagen

A

thick and tough; strongest and most abundant; in all connective tissue to varying degrees

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54
Q

Elastic Fibers

A

thin and rubber like; provide elasticity (stretch and recoil)

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55
Q

Reticular Fibers

A

thin, short, and branched; provide supports

56
Q

What are the different types of cells in connective tissue?

A

fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts, adipocytes, white blood cells, red blood cells, macrophages

57
Q

Fibroblasts

A

secrete ground substances and fibers of connective tissue proper; mature to form fibrocytes (maintain the health of the matrix); go from fibroblasts to fibrocytes but can go back to fibroblasts if tissue is damaged

58
Q

Chondroblastic

A

secrete ground substance and fibers of cartilage; mature to form chondrocytes (maintain health of matrix)

59
Q

Osteoblasts

A

secrete ground substance and fibers of bone; mature to form osteocytes (maintain the health of the matrix)

60
Q

Adipocytes

A

fat cells; store energy long term

61
Q

White Blood Cells

A

WBC; defense cells of the blood

62
Q

Red Blood Cells

A

RBC; oxygen transporting cells of blood; do not transport CO2 blood plasma transports CO2

63
Q

Macrophages

A

large, phagocytic cells that devour foreign materials and cellular debris

64
Q

Spleen

A

filters out dying RBC and recycles them to bone to make more RBC

65
Q

What are the two types of connective tissue proper?

A

loose and dense

66
Q

What are the types of loose connective tissue proper?

A

areolar, adipose, and reticular

67
Q

What are the types of dense connective tissue proper?

A

regular, irregular, elastic

68
Q

What are the types of cartilage?

A

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

69
Q

What are the types of connective tissue (the broad categories not the subcategories)?

A

connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, blood

70
Q

Description of Areolar Tissue

A

loose connective tissue proper; gel like matrix with all three fiber types; cells- fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some WBC

71
Q

Function of Areolar Tissue

A

wraps and cushions organs; its macrophages phagocytize bacteria; plays important role in inflammation; holds and conveys tissue information

72
Q

Location of Areolar Tissue

A

widely distributed under epithelia of body, forms lamina propria of mucous membranes; packages organs; surround capillaries

73
Q

Description of Adipose Tissue

A

loose connective tissue proper; matrix as in areolar, but very sparse; closely packed adipocytes ,or fat cells, have nucleus pushed to the side by large fat droplet

74
Q

Function of Adipose Tissue

A

provides reserve food fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports and protects organs

75
Q

Location of Adipose Tissue

A

under skin in subcutaneous tissue; around kidneys and eyeballs; within abdomen in breasts

76
Q

Description of Reticular Tissue

A

loose network of reticular fibers in a gel-like ground substance; reticular cells lie on the fibers

77
Q

Function of Reticular Tissue

A

fibers form a soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cell types including WBC, mast cells, and macrophages

78
Q

Location of Reticular Tissue

A

lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen)

79
Q

Description of Dense Regular Tissue

A

primarily parallel collagen fibers; a few elastic fibers; major cell type is fibroblast; nuclei are flat

80
Q

Function of Dense Regular Tissue

A

attaches muscles to bones or to muscles (tendons); attaches bone to bone (ligaments); with stands great tensile strength when pulling force is applied in one direction

81
Q

Location of Dense Regular Tissue

A

tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses

82
Q

Description of Dense Irregular Tissue

A

irregularly arranged collagen fibers; some elastic fibers; fibroblast is the major cell

83
Q

Function of Dense Irregular Tissue

A

withstands tension excerted in many directions; provides structural strength

84
Q

Location of Dense Irregular Tissue

A

fibrous capsules of organs and of joints; dermis of the sking; submucosa of digestive tract

85
Q

Elastic Tissue (dense)

A

dense regular connective tissue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers

86
Q

Function of Elastic Tissue

A

allows tissue to recoil after stretching; maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries; aids passive recoil of lungs following inspiration

87
Q

Location of Elastic Tissue

A

aorta, walls of large arteris

88
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

89
Q

Description of Hyaline Cartilage

A

amorphus but firm matrix; collagen fibers form an imperceptible network; chondroblasts produce the matrix and when mature (as chondrocytes) lie in lacunae

90
Q

Function of Hyaline Cartilage

A

supports and reinforces; serves as resilient cushion; resists compressive stress

91
Q

Location of Hyaline Cartilage

A

covers ends of long bones; connects ribs to sternum; cartilage of the nose, trachea, and larynx, most of embryonic skeleton

92
Q

Description of Elastic Cartilage

A

similar to hyaline cartilage, but more elastic fibers in matrix

93
Q

Function of Elastic Cartilage

A

maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility

94
Q

Location of Elastic Cartilage

A

supports the external ear (pinna); epiglottis

95
Q

Description of Fibrocartilage

A

matrix similar to but less firm than that in hyaline cartilage; thick collagen fibers; nucleus is NOT FLAT do not confuse with dense regular

96
Q

Function of Fibrocartilage

A

tensile strength allows it to absorb compressive shock

97
Q

Location of Fibrocartilage

A

intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis; discs of knee joint

98
Q

Description of Bone

A

hard calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers; osteocytes lie in lacunae; very well vascularized

99
Q

What cell is associated with cartilage?

A

chondroblasts/chondrocytes

100
Q

What cell is associated with bone?

A

osteocytes

101
Q

What tissue is fibroblasts typically associated with?

A

connective tissue proper

102
Q

Function of Bone

A

supports and protects (by enclosing); provides levers for the muscles to act on; stores calcium and other minerals and fat; marrow inside bones is the site for blood cell formation

103
Q

Description of Blood

A

red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix

104
Q

Function of Blood

A

transports respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes and other substances

105
Q

What is the shape of a red blood cell?

A

biconcave disk; the middle is thin

106
Q

Muscle Tissues

A

contracts to cause movement

107
Q

Characteristics of Muscle Cells

A

muscle fibers (cells) tightly packed together (not much matrix); voluntary or involuntary; well vascularized

108
Q

Description of Skeletal Muscle

A

long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells; obvious striations, large cells

109
Q

Function of Skeletal Muscle

A

voluntary movement; locomotion; manipulatioin of the environment; facial expression; voluntary control

110
Q

Location of Skeletal Muscle

A

in skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally skin

111
Q

Description of Cardiac Muscle

A

branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that connect at specialized junctions (intercalated discs)

112
Q

Function of Cardiac Muscle

A

as it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation; involuntary control

113
Q

Location of Cardiac Muscle

A

walls of the heart

114
Q

Intercalated Discs

A

are where the connections of two cardiac cells meet; gap junctions

115
Q

Description of Smooth Muscle

A

cells are spindle shaped (tapered on both ends) with central nuclei; no striations; cells arranged closely to form sheets

116
Q

Function of Smooth Muscle

A

propel substances or object (foodstuffs, urine, a baby) along internal passageways; involuntary control; it propels things in a wave like manner

117
Q

Location of Smooth Muscle

A

mostly in the walls of hollow organs; such as digestive system

118
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

regulates and controls most body functions

119
Q

What are the characteristics of nervous tissue?

A

two cells types: neurons and neuroglia (or glial cells); vascularized

120
Q

Neurons

A

highly specialized; excitable with a high metabolic rate; extremely long lived; amitotic; can not replace/regenerate

121
Q

Neuroglia

A

aka glial cells; supports, insulate, and protect neurons

122
Q

Description of Nervous Tissue

A

neurons are branching cells; cell processes that may be quite long extend from the nucleus containing cell body; also contributing to nervous tissue are nonexcitable supporting cells

123
Q

Function of Nervous Tissue

A

neurons transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands); supporting cells support and protect neurons

124
Q

Location of Nervous Tissue

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves

125
Q

What are the covering and lining membranes?

A

continuous sheets consisting of a epithelium and connective tissue; cutaneous membrane, mucous membrane, and serous membranes

126
Q

Cutaneous Membrane

A

skin; dry membrane; keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis) and connective tissue (dermis); protective

127
Q

Mucous Membrane

A

mucosae; wet membranes; lines body cavities that open to the outside; stratified squamous or simple columnar epithelia and areolar connective tissue (lamina propria); absorption and secretion (usually mucous)

128
Q

Serous Membranes

A

wet membranes; lines body cavities that are closed to the outside; parietal and vesceral layers separated by serous fluid; simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue; lubrication

129
Q

What tissues regenerate excellent?

A

epithelia tissues, bone, areolar connective tissue, and blood forming tissue

130
Q

What tissues regenerate moderately?

A

smooth muscle, dense regular connective tissue (tendons and ligaments)

131
Q

What tissues regenerate poorly?

A

skeletal and cartilage

132
Q

What tissues do not regenerate?

A

cardiac and nervous tissue; destroyed tissue replaced with scar tissue

133
Q

What are the steps of tissue repair?

A

inflammation, organization, regeneration

134
Q

Inflammation

A

first step of tissue repair; injured cells release inflammatory chemicals which make local blood vessels leaky; WBCs, fluid, and clotting proteins seep into the area; clotting seals off area; clot forms scab

135
Q

Organization

A

second step of tissue repair; restores blood supply; capillaries grow into area and clot is replaced by granulation tissue (type of new connective tissue); fibroblasts multiply and produce growth factors and collagen fibers; macropahges phagocytize dead and dying cells and other debris; surface epithelial cells dvidied and migrate over granulation tissue

136
Q

Regeneration

A

final step of tissue repair; collagen fibers of fibrosed area contract, pulling margins of wound together; epithelial cells divide forming a thick layer under scab which detaches

A&P 1 (16 decks)

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