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A&P 1 > Chapter 6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal Cartilages

A

embryonic skeleton composed of membranes and cartilages (no bones), most of which will be ossified by age 25; all are avascular and surrounded by perichondrium

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2
Q

Perichondrium

A

dense irregular CT that contains blood vessels and all bones are surrounded by it

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3
Q

What are the types of skeletal cartilages?

A

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

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4
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

most abundant type; fiber type: fine cartilage (invisible); includes articular cartilage, costal cartilages, respiratory cartilage, and nasal cartilages

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5
Q

Articular Cartilages

A

cover ends of most bones at moveable joints

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6
Q

Costal Cartilages

A

connect ribs to sternum

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7
Q

Respiratory Cartilages

A

association with respiratory tract

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8
Q

Nasal Cartilages

A

external nose

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9
Q

Elastic Cartilages

A

least amount of matrix between cells; fiber type: elastic; include external ear and epigolittis

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10
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

found where there is a lot of stress; a lot of fibers, fewer cells; include: knee meniscus, pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs

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11
Q

What are the two types of cartilage growth?

A

appositional growth and interstitial growth

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12
Q

Appositional Growth

A

widening from the outside; chondroblasts in perichondrium secrete new matrix on surface of existing cartilage

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13
Q

Interstitial Growth

A

chondrocytes within lacunae divide and secrete new matrix from within; widening from inside to outside

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14
Q

Cartilage Growth ends…

A

during adolescence; but some cartilages may calcify as we age

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15
Q

What are the functions of bones?

A

support, protection, skeletal muscle attachment sites, mineral storage (calcium and phosphate), hematopoiesis (red bone marrow), triglyceride (fat) storage (yellow bone marrow)

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16
Q

What are the bone classifications?

A

long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, sesamoid bones

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17
Q

Long Bones

A

longer than they are wide; all limb bones are long bones except patella, carpals, and tarsals

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18
Q

Short Bones

A

cube shaped/about as long as they as wide; carpals and tarsals

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19
Q

Sesamoid Bones

A

short bones embedded in a tendon; patella

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20
Q

Flat Bones

A

thin, flattened and usually curved; skull, ribs, sternum, scapulae, most cranial bones

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21
Q

Irregular Bones

A

complex shapes; vertebrae, hip bones, and most facial bones

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22
Q

Compact vs. Spongy Bone

A

compact: external layer, looks smooth and solid; Spongy: internal region, network of trabeculae

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23
Q

Structures of Long Bone

A

diaphysis, epiphysis, epiphyseal line, periosteum, endosteum, nutrient foramen

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24
Q

Diaphysis

A

shaft; encloses medullary cavity containing yellow marrow

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25
Q

Epiphysis

A

bone ends; capped with articulcar cartialge

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26
Q

Epiphyseal Line

A

epiphysis/disphysis junction

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27
Q

Periosteum

A

membrane attached to outerbone surface via perforating fibers; made of dense irregular CT; osteoblasts under

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28
Q

Endosteum

A

membrane covering inner bone surface, trabaculae, and canals of compact bone; osteoclasts under

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29
Q

Nutrient Foramen

A

hole in diaphysis thru which an artery, vein, and nerves enter

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30
Q

Structure of Short, Irregular, and Flat Bones

A

no diaphysis, epiphysis or medullary cavity; thin plates of spongy bone (diploe) covered with compact bone; have periosteum and endosteum

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31
Q

Red Bone Marrow vs. Yellow Bone Marrow

A

infants (<1 yr old): red bone marrow found in medullary cavity of disphysis and all spongy bone; Adults: red replaced by yellow marrow except in the spongy bone of skull, sternum, ribs, clavicle, scapula, hip bones, vertebrae, head of femur, and head of humerus (all of these still have red bone marrow)

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32
Q

ADDDDD BONE MARKINGS !

A
33
Q

Osteogenic cell

A

stem cell; from bone cell lineage

34
Q

Osteoblast

A

matrix syntehsizing cell; responsible for bone growth; from bone cell lineage

35
Q

Osteocyte

A

mature bone cell; monitors and maintains the mineralized bone matrix; from bone cell lineage

36
Q

Osteoclast

A

multinucleate; bone reabsorbing cell; large; breaks down with acid and lysosomes; from white blood cell lineage

37
Q

Microscopic Structure of Compact Bone

A

osteon, central canal, concentric lamellae, canaliculi, performing canals, interstitial lamellae, circumferential lamellae; osteocytes within lacuna

38
Q

Osteon

A

structured unit of compact bone; runs parallel to long axis

39
Q

Central Canal

A

contains artery, vein and nerve

40
Q

Concentric Lamellae

A

rings of matrix

41
Q

Canaliculi

A

hair like canals

42
Q

Performing Canals

A

run at 90 degree (right) angles to central canals

43
Q

Circumferential Lamellae

A

run around entire bone deep to the periosteum

44
Q

Structure of Spongy Bone

A

aka trabecular bone; no osteons, trabeculae have irregular arranged lamellae; osteocytes interconnected by canaliculi

45
Q

Chemical Composition of Bone

A

organic components (35%); bone cells; osteoid; inorganic components

46
Q

Organic Components of Bone

A

35%; allow bone to resist tension (stretching and twisting)

47
Q

Osteoid

A

ground substance and collagen fibers secreted by osteoblasts

48
Q

Inorganic Components

A

65%; allow bone to resist compression; hydroxypatites (mineral salts like calcium phosphate

49
Q

What are the two types of bone formation (or ossification)?

A

endrochondral ossification and intramembranous ossification

50
Q

Before week 8 bones are…

A

embryonic skeleton compose of hyaline cartilage and fibrous membranes

51
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

endochondral bone replaces hyaline cartilage; occurs in all bones below the base of the skull except clavicles (skull and clavicles not formed by endochondral ossification) ;begins in week 8; when secondary ossification is complete only hyaline cartilage found as articular cartilages and epiphyseal plate

52
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A

membranous bone replaces fibrous membrane; forms cranial bones and clavicals (all other bones are from cartilage and done by endochondral ossification); begins in week 8

53
Q

Steps of Intramembranous Ossification

A

1) ossification centers develop in the fibrous connective tissue; 2) osteoid is secreted and calcified; 3) immature spongy bone and periosteum form; 4) impact bone replaces immature spongy bone

54
Q

Postnatal Bone Growth

A

after birth; occurs during infancy and youth; involves interstitial growth and appositional growth

55
Q

Interstitial Growth

A

increases bone length; occurs at epiphyseal plate- when the plate seals the child stops growing and the epiphysial line forms

56
Q

Appositional Growth

A

increases bone diameter and thickness; osteoblasts add bone on external bone surface; osteoclasts remove bone on endosteal surface

57
Q

Growth Hormone (GH)

A

stimulates epiphylial plate activity during infancy and childhood (produced by pituitary gland)

58
Q

Thyroid Hormone (TH)

A

ensures skeleton has proper proportions during growth (produced by follicular cells of thyroid gland)

59
Q

Estrogen

A

comes into play at puberty in both males and females; in males some testosterone is converted to estrogen; low estrogen stimulates growth spurt; high estrogen induces epiphyseal plate closure in females at ~18 yrs old and in males ~21 yrs old

60
Q

Bone Remodeling

A

1) bone resorption, 2) bone deposition, 3) control of remodeling; includes bone resorption and deposition; occurs during interstitial and appositional growth; maintains blood calcium levels and keeps bones strong

61
Q

Bone Resorption

A

carried out by osteoplasts

62
Q

Bone Despostion

A

carried out by osteoblasts

63
Q

Control of Remodeling

A

hormonal controls; determines WHEN remodeling occurs

64
Q

Hormones involved with controlling remodeling

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH); calcitonin

65
Q

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

A

produced by parathyroid glands; stimulates osteoclasts activity; when calcium is low in the blood

66
Q

Calcitonin

A

produced by parafollicular cells of thyroid cells; has no effect on physologicla levels; no affect on blood calcium levels, unless someone is given high dose of calcitonin; at pharmacological doasges it inhibits osteoclast acitivty

67
Q

Response to Mechanical Stress

A

muscle pull and gravity; determines WHERE remodeling occurs; bones remodel in response to demands placed on them (Wolffs Law); weight lifters have thickening at attachment sites of the most used muscle

68
Q

Bone Repair and Steps of Repair

A

fractures are treated by reduction (realignment) and immobilization (cast or traction); Steps: 1) hematoma forms; 2) fibrocartilaginous callus forms (soft callus); 3) bony callus forms, 4) bone remodeling occurs

69
Q

Inadequate Mineralization

A

bones soft and weak; calcium salts not adequately deposited; caused by insufficient calcium in diet or vitamin D deficiency (vit D needed to absorb calcium)

70
Q

Osteomalacia

A

soft bones in adults; main symptoms is pain in weight bearing bones

71
Q

Rickets

A

soft bones in children; bowed legs and deformities of pelvis, skull, and ribcage; epiphyseal plates can not calcify and continue to widen

72
Q

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

A

brittle bone disease; genetic; abnormal collage or too little collagen produced; they can stand wrong and break a bone

73
Q

Osteoporosis

A

bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposition; most common in postmenopausal women (lack of estrogen increases osteoclast actibity)

74
Q

Risk Factors for Osteoporosis

A

decreased sex hormones; insufficient bone stress (weights, stress bones to make them build up); poor calcium diet, vit D or protein; smoking (lowers estrogen and calcium absorption); genetics; hormone related conditions (hyperthyroidism, diabetes); consumption of alcohol; certain medications (steroids and some cancer drugs)

75
Q

Treatment for Osteoporosis

A

calcium and vit D supplements; load bearing exercises; HRT (hormone replacement therapy); medications such as bisphosphonates like Fosamax (inhibit osteoclasts)

76
Q

Paget’s Disease

A

excessive and haphazard bone depostion and reapsorption; abnormally high ratio of spongy to compact bone; usually appears after age 40

77
Q

Achondroplasia

A

congenital (from birth) and genetic; defective cartilage and endochondrum bone growth; head and trunk normal sized; arms and legs short; type of dwarfism; external fixators can be applied to lengthen femur and tibia bones

78
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage; takes place in all bones below the skull except for clavicles

79
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A

bone develops from a fibrous membrane; occurs in skull and clavicles

A&P 1 (16 decks)

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