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A&P 1 > Chapter 7: The Skeleton > Flashcards

Chapter 7: The Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

includes the skull, vertebral column ad thoracic cage; core; does not include arms, legs, or how they are attached

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2
Q

Skull

A

includes cranium, facial bones, and hyoid bone; most are flat bones; all bones except mandible are connected by sutures (immovable joints)

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3
Q

Cranial Bones

A

8; frontal bone, occipital bone, temporal bone, sphenoid, ethmoid, pareital ???

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4
Q

Frontal Bone

A

forms forehead and superior parts of the orbits

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5
Q

Glabella

A

smooth area between orbits

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6
Q

Parietal Bones

A

left and right; form superior and lateral cranium

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7
Q

What are the four major sutures?

A

coronal, squamous, lambdoid, and sagittal suture

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8
Q

Coronal Suture

A

junction of parietal bones and front bones

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9
Q

Squamous Suture

A

junction of parietal bones and temporal; looks like an ‘s’

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10
Q

Lambdoid Suture

A

junction of parietal and occipital bone

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11
Q

Sagittal Suture

A

superior junction of the 2 parietal bone

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12
Q

Sutural Bones

A

bones may occur within sutures; aka Wormian; normally at lambdoid bones

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13
Q

Occipital Bone

A

forms posterior cranium; articulates with temporal bone at occipitamastoid bone

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14
Q

Landmarks of the Occipital Bone

A

foramen magnum and occipital condyles

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15
Q

Foramen Magnum

A

hole thru which brain stem connects with spinal cord

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16
Q

Occipital Condyles

A

rounded projection lateral to foramen magnum; articulate with 1st vertebra (atlas is the name of the first vertebra)

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17
Q

Temporal Bones

A

form inferolateral parts of the skull

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18
Q

Lands marks of the Temporal Bone

A

zygomatic process, mastoid process, styloid process, external acoustic meatus, mandibular fossa, squamous portion, pertrous part

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19
Q

Zygomatic Process

A

fuses with zygomatic bone to form zygomatic arch

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20
Q

Petrous Part

A

contains auditory ossicles

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21
Q

Sphenoid Bone

A

bat shaped keystone bone of cranium; all of the cranial except mandible articulate with it

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22
Q

Landmarks of the Sphenoid Bone

A

lesser wings; optic canal; greater wing; sella turcia; superior orbital fissure

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23
Q

Optic Canal

A

passageway for optic nerve

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24
Q

Sella Turcia

A

houses pituitary gland

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25
Q

Ethmoid Bone

A

forms most of bony area between nasal and orbits

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26
Q

Landmarks of the Ethmoid Bone

A

crista galli, perpendicular plate, superior nasal conchae, middle nasal canchae, cribriform plates, cribriform foramina

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27
Q

Crista Galli

A

anchors brain/membranes around brain

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28
Q

Perpendicular Plate

A

forms superior part of nasal septum

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29
Q

Cribriform Plates

A

form roof of nasal cavity

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30
Q

Cribriform Foramina

A

tiny openings thru which filaments of olfactory nerves enter cranial cavity

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31
Q

Fontanelles

A

soft spots; fibrous membranes that allow compression of head at birth and accomdate early brain growth; replaces with bone; anterior, posterior, sphenoidal, and mastoid (the last three close by end of first year)

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32
Q

Anterior Fontanelle

A

largest; palpable for 1 1/2- 2 years after birth

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33
Q

How many facial bones are there?

A

14

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34
Q

Mandible

A

largest and strongest bone of the face

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35
Q

Landmarks of the Mandible

A

alveolar process, mental foramina, condylar process, coronoid process, ramus, mandibular angle, body

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36
Q

Condylar Process

A

articulates with temporal bone

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37
Q

Coronoid Process

A

insertion point for temporal muscles

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38
Q

Maxillae

A

paired bone fused medially; keystone of facial bones

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39
Q

Landmarks of Maxillae

A

infraorbital foramen; alveolar process, palatine process,

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40
Q

Nasal Bones

A

bridge of nose; lacrimal bones, zygomatic bones (cheek bones), inferior nasal conchae, vomer, palatine bones

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41
Q

Vomer

A

forms inferior part of nasal septum

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42
Q

Hard palate is formed by…

A

palatine bones and palatine process of maxillae

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43
Q

Hyoid Bone

A

only bone that does not articulate directly with any other bone; fracture usually indicates strangulation

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44
Q

Orbits

A

bony cavity that contains the eyeballs; formed by parts of 7 bones: frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxilla, palatine, lacrimal, and ethmoid

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45
Q

Nasal Cavity

A

consists of bones and hyaline cartilage

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46
Q

Lateral Walls of Nasal Cavity are Formed by

A

superior and middle conchae of ethmoid; perpendicular plate of palatine bone; inferior nasal conchae

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47
Q

Floor of Nasal Cavity Formed by

A

palatine process of maxilla and horizontal plane of palatine bones

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48
Q

Roof of Nasal Cavity Formed By

A

cribriform plates of ethmoid

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49
Q

Nasal Septum Formed by

A

perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone; vomer; septal cartilage

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50
Q

Paranasal Sinuses

A

mucous lined; air filled cavities found in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxilla; small openings connect sinuses to nasal cavity (allow mucous to drain)

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51
Q

What does the paranasal sinuses function to do?

A

lighten skull, warm and humidify air inhaled, enhance voice resonance

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52
Q

Vertebral Column

A

flexible, curved structure that protects the spinal cord; 5 regions; ligaments provide support; intervetebral discs act as shock absorbers

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53
Q

What are the 5 regions of the vertebral column?

A

cervical (7 vertebra C1-C7); thoracic (12 vertebra T1-T12); lumbar (5 vertebra L1-L5); sacral (5 fused vertebra); Coccyx (3-5, typically 4, fused vertebra)

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54
Q

What is a herniated (slipped) disc?

A

rupture of the annulus fibrosus; allowing the nucleus pulposus to protrude

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55
Q

What are the four curvatures of the spine?

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

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56
Q

Cervical Curvature

A

concave posteriorly; like a inverted C

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57
Q

Thoracic Curvature

A

convex posteriorly; like a C

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58
Q

Lumbar Curvature

A

concave posteriorly; like a inverted C

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59
Q

Sacral Curvature

A

convex posteriorly; like a C

60
Q

Primary Curvatures

A

convex; developed at birth; thoracic and sacral

61
Q

Secondary Curvatures

A

concave; develop later; cervical (develops when baby starts to raise head; 3rd month) and lumbar (develops when baby walks; 1 year)

62
Q

Scoliosis

A

lateral curvature of the spine; looks like a S when looking at the posterior side

63
Q

Kyphosis

A

hunchback; exaggerated thoracic curvature; common in the elderly

64
Q

Lordosis

A

swayback; exaggerated lumbar curvature; common in pregnant women

65
Q

Atlas

A

c1; no body or spinous process

66
Q

Axis

A

c2; has a superior projecting knob like thing called the dens

67
Q

What is being used when we shake our head “yes”?

A

atlas and occipital condyles

68
Q

What is being used when we shake our head “no”?

A

atlas and dens of axis

69
Q

Cervical spinous process is usually…

A

bifed shaped

70
Q

Cervical transverse process is the only one with a…

A

foramina

71
Q

Thoracic transverse process has….

A

facets for ribs

72
Q

Thoracic Cage

A

includes thoracic vertebra, sternum, ribs and costal cartilage

73
Q

Sternum

A

aka breastbone; includes manubrium, body, xiphoid process

74
Q

Manubrium

A

has a jugular notch on the superior border; calvicular notch articulates with clavicles at clavicular notch; 1st and 2nd rib articulate with manubrium; sternal angle is even with 2nd rib

75
Q

Body of Sternum

A

articulates with ribs 3-7

76
Q

Xiphoid Process

A

hyaline cartilage in the beginning and later turns into ossified hyaline cartilage

77
Q

Ribs and Costal Cartilages

A

all 12 pairs articulate with thoracic vertebrae; includes vertebrosternal ribs, vertebrochondral ribs, vertebral ribs

78
Q

Vertebrosternal Ribs

A

attaches directly to the sternum via individual costal cartilages; 1-7

79
Q

Vertebrochondral Ribs

A

attaches indirectly to sternum via 7th ribs; 8-10

80
Q

Vertebral Ribs

A

attach to vertebrae only; 11 and 12

81
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

includes bone of limbs and their girdles

82
Q

Pectoral Girdles

A

attach upper limbs to axial skeleton; each consists of a clavicle and scapula

83
Q

Clavicles

A

aka collarbones; articulates medially with the manubrium of sternum at the clavicular notch; articulate laterally with the acromion of scapula; act as braces and serve as attachment site for muscles

84
Q

Clavicle is a S shaped bone…

A

medial 2/3 convex anteriorly; lateral 1/3 concaves anteriorly; fat end attaches to manubrium of sternum

85
Q

Scapulae

A

aka shoulder blades; araticulates with distal ends of the clavicles laterally; does not articulate with the ribs or vertebral column (allows high degree of mobility)

86
Q

Landmarks of Scapulae

A

superior, lateral, and medial border; superior and inferior angles; coracoid process; spine (only on posterior part); acromion; glenoid cavity (articulates with humerus)

87
Q

Upper Limb

A

consists of arm, forearm, and hand (aka manus)

88
Q

Humerus

A

articulates proximally with scapula (glenoid) cavity and distally with radius and ulna; is the arm

89
Q

Proximal Landmarks of Humerus

A

head, greater and lesser tubercles; surgical neck (most common area for break)

90
Q

Middle Landmarks of Humerus

A

deltoid tuberosity- v-shaped ridge

91
Q

Distal Landmarks of Humerus

A

capitulum; trochlea; olecranon fossa

92
Q

Capitulum

A

rounded, lateral condyle on anterior surface of humerus

93
Q

Trochlea

A

angular, medial condyle on anterior surface of humerus

94
Q

Olecranon Fossa

A

deep depression on posterior surface of humerus

95
Q

Forearm

A

antebrachial; consists of the ulna and radius; held together along entire elngth by an interosseous membrane

96
Q

Ulna

A

medial (in anatomical position); on pinky side

97
Q

Proximal Landmarks of the Ulna

A

olecranon (elbow); radial notch

98
Q

Radial Notch

A

depression; articulates with head of the radius

99
Q

Distal Landmarks of the Ulna

A

head, ulnar styloid process

100
Q

radius

A

lateral

101
Q

Proximal Landmarks of the Radius

A

head, radial tuberosity

102
Q

Distal Landmarks of Radius

A

ulnar notch, radial styloid process

103
Q

Elbow Joint

A

capitulum of humerus articulates with head of radius; trochlea of humerus articulates with the ulna; olecranon fossa of humerous receives the olecranon (elbow) of the ulna when forearm is extended

104
Q

Hand

A

includes bones of the carpus, metacarpus, and phalanges

105
Q

Carpus

A

wrist; two irregular rows of 8 carpal bones

106
Q

Metacarpals

A

palm; five metacarpal bones

107
Q

Phalanges

A

fingers; all fingers except thumbs have three phalanges

108
Q

Pelvic Girdle

A

attach lower limbs to the axial skeleton; formed by the sacrum and two coxal bones; each coxal bone subdivided into three regions; less flexible thhan pectoral girdle but more stable

109
Q

Ilium

A

superior most region of the pelvic girdle

110
Q

Landmarks of the Ilium

A

iliac crest; anterior and posterior superior iliac spines; anterior and posterior inferior iliac spines; greater sciatic notch; acetbulum; iliac fossa ; auricular surface; articular surface

111
Q

Acetabulum

A

deep pocket; receives head of femur

112
Q

Iliac Fossa

A

concavity

113
Q

Auricular Surface

A

roughened surface; articulates with sacrum

114
Q

Articular Surface

A

roughened surface; right and left pubic bones join forming pubic arch

115
Q

Ischium

A

inferior most region; consists of ramus and body

116
Q

Landmarks of the Ischium

A

ischial spine; lesser sciatic notch; ischal tuberosity

117
Q

Ischial Tuberosity

A

rough, thickened area

118
Q

Pubis

A

anterior most region; consists of ramus and body

119
Q

The ilium, ischium, and pubis meet to form…

A

the acetabulum

120
Q

The pubis and ilium meet to form the…

A

obturator foramen

121
Q

False Pelvis

A

anything above the pelvic brim

122
Q

True Pelvis

A

anything below pelvic brim

123
Q

Lower Limb

A

consists of thigh, leg, and foot

124
Q

Thigh

A

is the femur; largest, longest, and strongest bone in the body; articulates proximally with the pelvis (acetabulum) and distally with tibia and fibula

125
Q

Proximal Landmarks of the Femur

A

head, neck, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter

126
Q

What is typically broken when we say “broken hip”?

A

neck of the femur; it is the weakest part of the femur

127
Q

Middle Landmark of the Femur

A

linea aspera: vertical ridge on posterior surface

128
Q

Distal Landmarks of the Femur

A

lateral and medial condyles; intercondylar fossa; patellar surface

129
Q

Lateral and Medial Condyles of the Femur

A

rounded projection on posterior surface

130
Q

Intercondylar Fossa of the Femur

A

deep depression between lateral and medial condyles

131
Q

Patellar Surface of the Femur

A

smooth area on anterior surface

132
Q

Leg

A

consists of tibia and fibula; held together along entire length by an interosseous membrane

133
Q

Tibia

A

medial legbone; articulates proximally with the femur and distally with the talus

134
Q

Proximal Landmarks of the Tibia

A

medial condyle; lateral condyle; tibial tuberosity; superior tibiofibular joint

135
Q

Middle Landmark of the Tibia

A

anterior border: vertical ridge on anterior surface

136
Q

Distal Landmarks of the Tibia

A

medial malleolus (medial ankle); inferior tibiofibular joint

137
Q

Fibula

A

lateral leg bone; articulate proximally with the tibia and distally with the tibia and talus

138
Q

Proximal and Distal Landmark of the Fibula

A

proximal-head; distal-lateral malleolus (lateral ankle)

139
Q

Foot

A

includes bone of the tarsus, metatarsus, and pahalanges

140
Q

Talus

A

made up of 7 tarsal bones;2 largest are talus and calcaneus

141
Q

Talus

A

ankle; articulates with tibia and fibula

142
Q

Calcaneus

A

heal calcaneal (archilles) tendon attaches to posterior surface of the calcaneus

143
Q

Metatarsus

A

made up of 5 metatarsal bones; articulates proximally with tarsals and distally with phalanges; distal part of metatarsal forms ball of the foot

144
Q

Phalanges (toes)

A

all toes except the great toe has 3 phalanges; a proximal, distal, and medial

145
Q

Arches of the Feet

A

develop during early childhood; function to distribute body weight, help with standing, stay balanced, and run/walk; fallen arches (flat feet) may be congenital or acquired later in life

146
Q

Order of the Ear Bones

A

Malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (stirrup)

A&P 1 (16 decks)

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