Lecture 01

Question 1

fundamental principle of physiology

Answer 1

at all levels of organization, functional activities are directed at maintaining homeostasis

Question 2

function of water

Answer 2

regulates body temperature
lubricates joints
lessen the burden on the kidneys and liver by flushing out wasteproducts
carries nutrients and oxygen to cells
helps dissolve mineral and other nutrients to make them acessible to the body
helps prevent constipation
protects body organs and tissues
moistens tissues such as those in the mouth, eyes and nose

Question 3

variation in body water with age and sex

Answer 3

M=F new born baby
M>F puberty
M>F elderly

Question 4

why infants have higher body water percentages

Answer 4

low subcutaneous fat皮下组织的脂肪

Question 5

why M>F puberty

Answer 5

estrogen

Question 6

why M>F elderly

Answer 6

we lose muscle mass as we age

Question 7

3 water intake

Answer 7

oral food, oral intake as food, oxidative water form metabolism

Question 8

2 sensible output

Answer 8

lung, skin

Question 9

2 insensible output

Answer 9

kidney, stool

Question 10

4 difference btw insensible peripiration & sweat

Answer 10

pure water VS electrolyte solution
passive evaporation VS active secretion
entire skin surface VS sweat gland
continuous VS activated by heavy work or high temp

Question 11

4 obligatory output

Answer 11

lung, skin, kidney, stool

Question 12

facultative output

Answer 12

kidney

Question 13

4 negative water balance

Answer 13

reduced intake
excessive loss from gut
excessive sweating
excessive loss in expired air
excessive loss in urine

Question 14

2 water intoxication

Answer 14

excessive intake
renal system failure