14 Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
What motor neurons does the ANS consist of?
A
Motor neurons that innervate smooth and cardiac muscles and glands
2
Q
What does the autonomic nervous system do?
A
Makes adjustments to ensure optimal support for body activities
3
Q
TF: ANS operates via conscious control
A
False
Subconscious
4
Q
What are the other names for the ANS?
A
Involuntary nervous system
General Visceral motor system
5
Q
What do the Somatic and Autonomic nervous systems differ in?
A
Effectors
Efferent pathways and ganglia
Target organ responses to neurotransmitters
6
Q
What do somatic and autonomic nervous systems have the same?
A
Both have motor fibers
7
Q
What are the effectors in the somatic nervous system
A
Skeletal muscles
8
Q
What are the effectors in the ANS?
A
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Glands
9
Q
Where are the cell bodies in the somatic nervous system?
A
In the Cns
10
Q
What kind of fibers are found in the somatic nervous systems?
A
Group A (thick myelinated) fibers that extend in spinal or cranial nerve to skeletal muscle
11
Q
What kind of efferent pathway does the ANS use?
A
A two neuron chain
(preganglionic neuron in the CNS)
(postganglionic neuron in the autonomic ganglion outside the CNS)
12
Q
What axon in the ANS is nonmyelinated?
A
The postganglionic axon that extends to effector organs
13
Q
What kind of axon in the ANS has a think lightly myelinated one?
A
Preganglionic axon
14
Q
What do all somatic motor neurons release? (neurotransmitter)
A
ACh
Acetylcholine
15
Q
What kind of effects come from the somatic nervous system?
A
Stimulatory effects
16
Q
What fibers in the ANS release ACh?
A
Preganglionic fibers
17
Q
What do the postganglionic fibers in the ANS release?
A
Norepinephrine or ACh at the effectors
18
Q
What kind of effects come from ANS?
A
Stimulatory or inhibitory
19
Q
What kind of receptors are at the ganglion in the Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS?
A
Nicotinic (ACh)
20
Q
What kind of receptors are near the effectors of the parasympathetic division in the ANS?
A
Muscularinic receptors (ACh)
21
Q
What kind of receptors are found at the end of a postganglionic axon in the sympathetic nervous system?
A
Adrenergic receptors (NE)
22
Q
What nerves contain both somatic and autonomic fibers?
A
Most spinal and cranial nerves
23
Q
What are the two divisions of the ANS?
A
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
24
Q
What does dual innervation mean?
A
Almost all organs served by both divisions of the ANS but have opposite effects
25
What maintains homeostasis between the two divisions of the ANS?
Dynamic antagonism (always opposing one another)
26
What is the role of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?
Promotes maintenance activities and conserve body energy
27
What does the parasympathetic division direct in the body?
Digestion
Diuresis
Defecation
28
When does the parasympathetic division take control of a person?
As the person is resting
Reading
Relaxing
After a meal
29
What happens to blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rates when the body is in the parasympathetic control?
They are low
30
What kind of activity does the gastrointestinal tract have in the parasympathetic control?
High Activity (increase digestion)
31
What happens to the pupils while the parasympathetic division is in control and why?
They constrict to accommodate for close vision
32
What is the role of the sympathetic system?
Mobilize the body during activity
| Fight or flight
33
What causes the sympathetic division to take control?
Exercise
Excitement
Emergency
Embarassment
34
What happens to the heart rate when the body is taken over by sympathetic control?
It increases
35
What happens to the skin when the body is under sympathetic control?
It becomes cold and sweaty
36
What happens to the pupils when the body is under the sympathetic control?
They dilate along with the bronchioles
37
What happens to the mouth when the body is under sympathetic control?
It becomes dry
38
What happens to the body during vigorous physical activity?
It shunts blood to skeletal muscles and heart
It dilates bronchioles
Causes the liver to release glucagon
39
What division of the ANS has long preganglionic fibers from the brain stem and sacrum?
Parasympathetic (Craniosacral)
40
What is longer in the parasympathetic division, the preganglionic or postganglionic fiber?
Preganglionic fiber
41
Where do the parasympathetic preganglionic fiber synapse with postganglionic neurons?
In the terminl ganglia close to or within target organs
42
Where are the cell bodies of the parasympathetic preganglionic nerve fibers of the cranial division?
Cell bodies in the brain stem
43
What nerves are found in the cranial part of parasympathetic division?
```
Oculomotor nerve (CIII)
Facial nerves (VII)
Glossopharyngeal nerves (IX)
Vagus nerve (X)
```
44
What do oculomotor nerves serve?
The smooth muscle of the eye via ciliary ganglia
45
What do facial nerves do?
Stimulate large glands in the head via pterygopalatine ganglia and submandibular ganglia
46
What do glossopharyngeal nerves serve?
Parotid salivary glands via otic ganglia
47
What do vagus nerves serve?
Neck and nerve plexuses for all thoracic and abdominal viscera (almost all) via cardiac, pulmonary, and esophageal plexuses
48
What does the sacral part of the parasympathetic division serve?
The pelvic organs and distal half of large intestine
49
Where are the preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division (thoracolumbar)?
in the spinal cord segments T1-L2
50
What do preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division enter?
The sympathetic trunk (paravertebral) ganglia
51
What do paravertebral ganglia of the sympathetic truck vary in?
Size
Position
Number
52
How many paravertebral ganglia are in the sympathetic trunk?
23
53
How many paravertebral ganglia are cervical?
3
54
How many paravertebral ganglia are thoracic?
11
55
How many paravertebral ganglia are lumbar?
4
56
How many paravertebral ganglia are sacral?
4
57
How many paravertebral ganglia are coccygeal?
1
58
What are the three fates that could happen when the short preganglionic fiber enters sympathetic trunk ganglion?
1. Synapse with ganglionic neuron in same trunk ganglion
2. Ascend or descend sympathetic trunk to synapse in another trunk ganglion
3. Pass through trunk ganglion and emerge without synapsing (only in abdomen and pelvis)
59
What kind of sympathetic fibers pass directly to adrenal medulla without synapsing?
Some preganglionic fibers
60
What happens in the medulla when the preganglionic fiber passes directly to the adrenal medulla?
Medulla is stimulated and medullary cells secrete norepinephrine and epinephrine into blood
61
TF: Sympathetic ganglia and adrenal medulla arise from same tissue?
True
62
What is the misplaced sympathetic ganglion?
Adrenal medulla
63
What is the difference in somatic reflex arcs and visceral reflex arcs?
They have the same components but the visceral reflex arc has 2 neurons in the motor pathway
64
What causes the phenomenon called referred pain?
When visceral pain afferents travel along the same pathways as somatic pain fibers (heart pain in left arm0
65
What kind of fibers release ACh?
Cholinergic fibers
66
What are all ANS preganglionic axons (what kind of fibers)?
Cholinergic fibers
67
What are all parasympathetic postganglionic axons at effector synapse?
Cholinergic fibers
68
What do adrenergic fibers release?
Norepinephrine
69
What are most sympathetic postganglionic axons?
Adrenergic fibers
70
What kind of sympathetic postganglionic axons are not adrenergic?
The ones at sweat glands
71
What are two major classes for adrenergic receptors?
Alpha (1,2)
| Beta (1,2,3)
72
What are the two types of receptors that bind Ach?
Nicotinic
| Muscarinic
73
Where are nicotinic receptors found?
On sarcolemma of skeletal muscle cells at NMJ
All postganglionic neurons
Hormone producing cells of adrenal medulla
74
What effect does ACh have at nicotinic receptors?
Always stimulatory
75
What does ACh do at nicotinic receptors?
Opens ion channels
| Depolarizes postsynaptic cell
76
Where are muscarinic receptors found?
On all effector cells stimulated by post ganglionic cholinergic fibers (release ACh)
77
What effect does ACh have at muscarinic receptors?
Can be either inhibitory or excitatory
78
What does beta 1 receptors do?
Increase heart rate and force of contraction
| Causes the kidney to secrete renin
79
What do Beta 2 receptors do?
Causes the bronchioles in the lungs to dialate
80
What do beta 3 receptors do?
Lipolysis in adipose tissue
81
What do alpha 1 receptors do?
Serve and stimulate all sympathetic target organelles except the heart (pupil size)
82
What do alpha 2 receptors do?
Affect blood platelets
Inhibit NE and insulin production
Promote vasodilation
83
What type of drug is atropine?
Anticholinergic
84
What does atropine do?
Blocks muscarinic ACh receptors
85
When do you use atropine?
Used to prevent salivation during surgery
| To dilate pupils for examination
86
What does Neostigmine inhibit?
Acetylcholinesterase
| It breaks down ACh
87
What is neostigmine used to treat?
Myasthenia gravis
88
What do over the counter drugs for colds, allergies and nasal congestion stimulate?
Alpha - adrenergic receptors
89
What do most visceral organs have?
Dual innervation
90
What does dynamic antagonism allow for?
Precise control of visceral activity
91
What division controls blood pressure during rest and activity?
The sympathetic division
92
What is the vascular system innervated by?
The sympathetic division
93
What does sympathetic tone do?
Keeps blood vessels in continual state of partial constriction (vasomotor tone)
94
How do sympathetic fibers cause constriction of blood vessels and blood pressure to rise?
Fire more rapidly
95
What do alpha blocker drugs do?
Interfere with vasomotor fibers to reduce hypertension
96
What does the parasympathetic division normally dominate?
The heart
Smooth muscle of digestive and urinary tract organs
activate most glands except for adrenal and sweat
97
When does the sympathetic division override the parasympathetic division?
During times of stress
98
What division slows the heart and speeds up the digestive and urinary tracts?
Parasympathetic division
99
When is cooperative effects best seen in the body?
The control of external genetalia
100
What do the parasympathetic fibers do during cooperative effects on the external genetalia?
Cause vasodilation
| Erection of penis or clitoris
101
What do the sympathetic fibers do during cooperative effects on the external genetalia?
Cause ejaculation of semen in males
| Reflex contraction of females vagina
102
What parts of the body only receive sympathetic fibers?
```
Adrenal medulla
sweat glands
arrector pili
muscles
kidneys
most blood vessels
```
103
What does the sympathetic division control?
Thermoregulatory responses to heat
Release of renin from kidneys
Metabolic effects
104
What division raises blood glucose levels?
Sympathetic division
105
What division of the ANS is short lived and highly localized?
Parasympathetic division
106
Why is the parasympathetic division so short lived?
ACh is quickly destroyed by acetylcholinesterase
107
What is the main integrative center of ANS activity?
Hypothalamus
108
What controls go into the hypothalamus?
Subconscious cerebral input via the limbic (emotional) system structures on hypothalamic centers
109
TF: Hypothalamus controls are only direct through the reticular system
FALSE
It is direct and indirect through the reticular system
110
What are the main controls of the hypothalamus?
```
Heart activity and blood pressure
Body temp water balance
Endocrine activity
Emotional stages
Biological drives
Reactions to fear and fight or flight system
```
111
What allows for cortical influence on ANS?
Connections of hypothalamus to limbic lobe
112
TF: Voluntary cortical control of visceral activities is possible
True
113
What is biofeedback?
Awareness of physiological conditions with goal of consciously influencing them (breathing to slow heart rate)
114
What is hypertension and what causes it?
High blood pressure
| Overactive sympathetic vasoconstrictor response to stress
115
What disease causes exaggerated vasoconstriction in fingers and toes which leads to pale and cyanotic skin which is painful?
Raynaud's Disease
116
What disease is caused by uncontrolled activation of autonomic neurons in quadriplegics and those with spinal cord injuries above T6?
Autonomic dystrflexia
| Causes blood pressure to skyrocket
117
What causes ANS deficiency to decline?
Old age
| Structural changes to preganglionic axon terminals
118
What is orthostatic hypotension?
Low blood pressure after position change
Pressure receptors less responsive to BP changes
Cardiovascular centers fail to maintain healthy blood pressure
119
What are the 4 effects of age on ANS?
Constipation
Dry eyes
Frequent eye infections
Orthostatic hypotension
