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Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two groups of organs?

A

Alimentary canal
Accessory digestive organs

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2
Q

What is contained in the alimentary canal of the digestive system?

A

Mouth to anus

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3
Q

What does the alimentary canal do? (gi tract)

A

Digests food and absorbs fragments

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4
Q

What are the accessory digestive organs

A

Teeth
Tongue
Gallbladder
Digestive glands (salivary glands, liver, pancreas)

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5
Q

What are 6 essential activities of the digestive process?

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Propulsion
  3. Mechanical breakdown
  4. Digestion
  5. Absorption
  6. Defecation
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6
Q

The enteric nervous system is supplied by _________ of alimentary canal

A

Intrinsic nerve supply

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7
Q

The enteric nervous system is linked to the CNS via the ______ fibers?

A

Afferent visceral fibers

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8
Q

Stomach digest ____ to _____

A

Bolus to chyme

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9
Q

The stomach has ____ tunics

A

Four

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10
Q

What does the muscularis externa allow the stomach to do?

A

Churn
Mix
Move
Physically break down food

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11
Q

What does the mucosa contain in the stomach?

A

Mucosal cells that secrete two layer coat of alkaline mucus
Gastric glands that produce gastric juice

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12
Q

What are the 4 cell types in gastric glands?

A

Mucous neck cell
Parietal cells
Chief cells
Enteroendocrine cells

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13
Q

What are the parietal cell secretions?

A

HCl
Intrinsic factor (needed for absorption of vitamin B12)

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14
Q

What do chief cells secrete?

A

Pepsinogen
Lipase (digest lipids)

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15
Q

What are the secretions of the enteroendocrine cells?

A

Chemical messengers
Paracrines (serotonin and histamine)
Hormones (somatostatin and gastrin)

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16
Q

What makes up the mucosal barrier of the stomach?

A

Thick layer of bicarb rich mucus
Tight junctions between epithelial cells

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17
Q

What are the 4 steps to digestive process in the stomach?

A

Mechanical breakdown
Denaturation of proteins by HCl
Enzymatic digestion of proteins by pepsin
Delivery of chyme to small intestine

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18
Q

What is the only stomach function that is essential to life?

A

Secretion of intrinsic factor (needed for vitamin B 12 absorption)

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19
Q

What nervous system is involved in the neural control of gastric secretion?

A

The autonomic nervous system
(vagus nerve stim that increases stimulation)
(Sympathetic stim that decreases stimulation)

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20
Q

What hormone is responsible for regulation of gastric secretion?

A

Gastrin (increases enzyme and HCl secretion)

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21
Q

What are the three phases of gastric secretion?

A

Cephalic phase
Gastric phase
Intestinal phase

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22
Q

What happens during the cephalic phase?

A

It is triggered by aroma, taste, sight, thought

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23
Q

What stimulates the gastric phase?

A

Distension, peptides, low acidity, gastrin

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24
Q

What does the intestinal phase do?

A

Partially digested foods enter the small intestine with a brief intestinal gastrin release

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25
What kind of effects happen during the intestinal phase?
Inhibitory effects (by chyme, fats, peptides, irritating substances)
26
What are three chemicals that stimulate parietal cells through secondary messengers?
ACh Histamine Gastrin
27
What releases enterogastrones in the intestinal phase?
Enteroendocrine cells
28
What are enterogastrones?
Secretin, CCK, vasoactive intestinal peptide They all inhibit gastric secretion
29
What is dumping syndrome
Happens if the small intestine is pushed to accept more chyme Nausea and vomiting Common in gastric reduction for weight loss
30
Enterogastric reflex is part of the ____ ____ of gastric secretion
Intestinal phase
31
What do enterogastric reflexes do?
Inhibit vagal nuclei Inhibit local reflexes Activate sympathetic nerve fibers
32
_____ cells pump H+ into stomach lumen
Parietal cells
33
What moves food throughout the stomach to the plyorus?
Peristaltic waves
34
Basic electrical rhythm is set by ______ _____ ____.
Enteric pacemaker cells
35
What are pacemaker cells linked by?
Gap junctions
36
____ and ____ increase force of contraction
Distention Gastrin
37
TF: Fatty chyme is moved quicker through the duodenum than carb-rich chyme?
False
38
What are the subdivisions of the small intestine?
Duodenum Jejunum Ileum
39
What is the major organ of digestion and absorption?
Small intestine
40
What controls entry of bile and pancreatic juices into the duodenum?
Hepatopancreatic sphincter
41
What part of the small intestine joins the large intestine
Ileum
42
What are the three components of the small intestine that help increase surface area for better absorption?
Circular folds Villi Microvilli (brush border)
43
TF: intestinal juice is slightly alkaline
True
44
The Intestinal Juice is largely ____
water`
45
What facilitates transport and absorption of nutrients?
Intestinal juice
46
What is the main function of the liver?
Digestive function Bile production (fat emulsifier)
47
What is the main function of the gall bladder?
Bile storage
48
What is the largest gland in the body?
Liver
49
What do hepatocytes do?
They are liver cells Filter and process bloodborne nutrients Store fat-soluble vitamins Perform detoxification Produce bile
50
What do Kupffer cells in the liver do?
Remove old RBCs
51
What connects the liver to the gallbladder?
Bile duct
52
What is contained within bile?
Bile salts (cholesterol derivative that functions in fat emulsification and absorption) Bilirubin (brown color in feces) Cholesterol, Triglycerides, phospholipids, and electrolytes
53
How does the gallbladder release bile?
Muscular contraction
54
What happens to bile salts when there is too much cholesterol?
Too few bile salts so gallstones are formed
55
TF: the pancreas has an endocrine and exocrine function
True
56
What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?
Pancreatic islets secrete insulin and glucagon
57
What is the exocrine function of pancreas?
Acini secrete pancreatic juices
58
What is pancreatic juice?
Watery alkaline solution with a high pH to neutralize chyme Contains electrolytes (HCO3-) Enzymes (amylase, lipase, nucleases and proteases)
59
Where do proteases get activated?
Duodenum
60
What is the most common motion of small intestine
Segmentation
61
What initiates segmentation of the small intestine
Intrinsic pacemaker cells
62
What stimulates peristalsis in the small intestine?
Rise in the hormone motilin
63
What are the 5 regions of the large intestine?
Cecum Appendix Colon Rectum Anal canal
64
What is the cecum
The first part of the large intestine
65
What is the appendix?
Masses of lymphoid tissue (bacterial storehouse (immune function))
66
What are the 4 colons?
Ascending colon Transverse colon Descending colon Sigmoid colon
67
How many rectal valves stop feces from being passed with gas?
three
68
What is the last segment of the large intestine?
Anal canal
69
What opens the body to the exterior in the digestive system?
Mouth and anus
70
What kind of muscle is found in the internal anal sphincter
Smooth muscle (involuntary)
71
What kind of muscle is found in the external anal sphincter?
Skeletal muscle
72
What is reclaimed during the digestive process in the large intestine?
Vitamins water electrolytes
73
What is the major function of the large colon?
Propulsion of feces to anus Defecation
74
TF: the colon is essential for life
False
75
What are the contractions of the colon called?
Haustral contractions
76
What initiates the gastrocolic reflex?
Presence of food in the stomach
77
What is defecation?
Mass movements force feces to rectum
78
What initiates spinal defecation reflex?
Distension

Physiology (17 decks)

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