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Physiology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What happens at articulation?

A

Two or more bones meet

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2
Q

What are the functions of joints?

A

Give skeleton mobility

Hold skeleton together

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3
Q

What are the classifications of joints?

A

Function and structural

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4
Q

What are the 3 functional classifications of joints?

A

Synarthroses
Amphiarthroses
Diarthrosis

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5
Q

What are functional classifications based off of for joints?

A

Based on the amount of movement allowed at the joint

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6
Q

What functional classification of joints does not allow for movement?

A

Synarthroses

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7
Q

What kind of movement does the functional classification amphiarthroses allow for?

A

Slightly moveable joints

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8
Q

What functional classification of joints are the most common in the body?

A

Diarthroses- they allow for freely movable joints

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9
Q

What are structural classifications of joints based off of?

A

The material binding bones together and

The presence or absence of joint cavity

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10
Q

What are the three structural classifications of joints?

A 
Fibrous joints
Cartilaginous joints
Synovial joints (this one is the one we are learning about)
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11
Q

What are bones separated by in synovial joints?

A

Fluid-filled cavities

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12
Q

What functional classification do synovial joints fall under?

A

Diarthroses (freely moveable)

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13
Q

What attachments are found around synovial joints to stabilize it?

A

Ligaments

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14
Q

What secretes synovial fluid?

A

Synovial membrane

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15
Q

What is contained in the articular capsule?

A

Fibrous layer and synovial membrane

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16
Q

What is contained inside the joint cavity?

A

Synovial fluid

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17
Q

What are the six distinguishing features of synovial joints?

A 
Joint cavity
Articular cartilage
Different types of reinforcing ligaments
Articular capsule
Nerves and blood vessels
Synovial fluid 
(JADANS)
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18
Q

What does articular cartilage do?

A

It is hyaline cartilage that prevents crushing of bone ends

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19
Q

What kind of connective tissue is found in the external fibrous layer of articular capsule? Inner synovial membrane?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue in the fibrous layer

Loose connective tissue in the synovial membrane

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20
Q

What does synovial fluid do?

A

Lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage

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21
Q

How does synovial fluid help with immune responses in they joint?

A

It contains phagocytic cells to remove microbes and debris

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22
Q

What are the contents of synovial fluid?

A

Viscous, slippery filtrate of plasma and hyaluronic acid

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23
Q

What are the different types of reinforcing ligaments?

A

Capsular (within capsule-thickened fibrous layer)
Extracapsular (Outside the capsule)
Intracapsular (deep to the capsule that is covered by synovial membrane)

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24
Q

What do nerves do for synovial joints?

A

Detect pain (nocioreceptors), monitor joint position and stretch (proprioceptors)

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25
Q

What are fatty pads?

A

They are found in some synovial joints and provide cushioning between fibrous layers and synovial membrane or bone

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26
Q

What do menisci do for the joint?

A

They allow for compressive shock, improved fit of bone ends, and stabilize joints, and reduce wear and tear

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27
Q

Label the bursae and tendon sheaths from this diagram

A
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28
Q

What are bursae and what do they do?

A

Sacs lined with synovial membrane that produce synovial fluid (so they contain synovial fluid)
They help reduce friction

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29
Q

What are tendon sheaths and what do they do?

A

They are elongated bursa that are wrapped around the tendon to reduce friction

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30
Q

Where do all muscles attach to bone or connective tissue?

A

At no less than 2 points called the origin (attachment to the less movable bone) and the insertion (attachment to the more movable bone)

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31
Q

What causes the insertion to move towards the origin?

A

Muscle contraction (think about pulling your arm towards your shoulder, the origin is the humerus and the insertion would move towards the origin at the elbow)

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32
Q

What are the three general types of movements at synovial joints?

A

Gliding
Angular
Rotation

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33
Q

What are the types of angular movements?

A

Flexion, extension, hyperextension
Abduction, Adduction
Circumduction

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34
Q

What are the 2 types of rotation?

A

Medial and lateral

35
Q

What happens during gliding movements?

A

One flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface
(wrists, foot, vertebrae)

36
Q

What is happening during angular movements?

A

Increase or decrease angles between two bones

37
Q

What angular movements happen along the sagittal plane?

A

Flexion
Extension
Hyperextension

38
Q

What angular movements happen along the frontal plane?

A

Abduction (away from midline)

Adduction (towards)

39
Q

What is involved in circumduction?

A

Flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction of a limb

40
Q

What is happening during rotation?

A

Turing of bone around its own long axis

medial is towards midline and lateral is away

41
Q

What kind of special movements is seen here?

A

Pronation and supination

42
Q

What kind of special movement is happening here?

A

Inversion and eversion

Inversion is towards the midline and eversion is away

43
Q

What kind of special movements are seen here?

A

Protraction and retraction

pro is towards nose and retraction is towards neck

44
Q

What is the largest and most complex joint of the body?

A

The knee joint

45
Q

How is the knee joint made up?

A

Three joints surrounded by a synovial cavity

46
Q

What reinforces the knee joint?

A

Muscles and tendons

47
Q

What prevents hyperextension of the knee?

A

Capsular and extra capsular ligaments

48
Q

How many bursae are associated with the knee joint?

A

At least 12

49
Q

What do intracapsular ligaments are the knee joint do?

A

Prevent anterior (front) and posterior (back) displacement

50
Q

What are the two intracapsular ligaments that reside outside the synovial cavity of the knee?

A

ACL (anterior cruciate ligament)

PCL (posterior cruciate ligament)

51
Q

What are the three C’s that help the knee absorb great vertical force?

A

Collateral ligaments
Cruciate ligaments
Cartilages

52
Q

What kind of joint is the shoulder joint?

A

The glenohumeral joint (shoulder joint) is a ball and socket joint

53
Q

Since the shoulder joint is the most freely moving joint in the body what is sacrificed?

A

Stability (glenoid fossa is very shallow so it is not stable)

54
Q

What joint creates articulation of radius and ulna with the humerus?

A

The elbow joint which is a hinge joint

55
Q

What kind of movement is allowed with a hinge joint such as the elbow?

A

Flexion (towards) and extension (away)

56
Q

What are the two ligaments that reinforce the elbow joint?

A

The anular ligament and the ulnar collateral ligament

57
Q

What two bones articulate in the hip (coxal) joint?

A

head of the femur (leg) and the acetabulum (creates a ball and socket joint)

58
Q

What limits the hip joint?

A

The deep socket (remember the shoulder had a shallow fossa which allowed for freely moving joint)

59
Q

If someone breaks their hip, what bone are they really breaking?

A

The head of the femur

60
Q

What is arthroplasty?

A

Total hip replacement (the acetabulum and the femoral head)What is hemiarthroplasty?

61
Q

What is hemiarthroplasty?

A

Partial hip replacement (only the femoral head is replaced)

62
Q

What two things are articulating in the TMJ?

A

Mandibular condyle and the temporal bone (temporomandibular joint)

63
Q

What two types of movement is allowed by the TMJ?

A

Hinge (depression and elevation of jaw)

Gliding (grinding of teeth)

64
Q

What is the most easily dislocated joint of the body?

A

TMJ (temporomandibular joint)

65
Q

What ligament reinforces the TMJ?

A

The lateral ligament

66
Q

How is a cartilage tear repaired?

A

Arthroscopic surgery

either partial menisci removal -less stable or complete removal- leads to osteoarthritis

67
Q

What happens in a sprain?

A

The reinforcing ligaments are stretched or torn

68
Q

Why do partial tears of ligaments take a long time to heal?

A

There is poor vascularization to the ligaments

69
Q

What are the three options if there is a complete tear of the ligament?

A

Ends are sewn together
Replaced with grafts
Time and immobilization

70
Q

What happens during dislocation?

A

Luxations happen when bones are forced out of alignment (must set bones back into place to treat)

71
Q

What is a subluxation?

A

A partial dislocation of a joint

72
Q

What is bursitis and how do you treat it?

A

Inflammation of the bursa

Rest, ice and anti-inflammatory drugs

73
Q

What is tendonitis?

A

Inflammation of tendon sheaths caused by overuse

74
Q

How do you treat acute forms of arthritis?

A

It is caused by bacteria so antibiotics

75
Q

What are the forms of chronic (prolonged) arthritis?

A

Osteoarthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Gouty arthritis

76
Q

What chronic arthritis is caused by getting old?

A

Osteoarthritis (OA)

77
Q

What happens in OA?

A

Excessive release of enzymes that break down articular (hyaline) cartilage at the ends of bones

78
Q

What are some treatments for OA?

A

Moderate activity, mild pain relievers, capsaicin creams

79
Q

What kind of chronic arthritis is caused by an autoimmune disease?

A

RA (rheumatoid arthritis) - unknown causes

It attacks self antigens

80
Q

What happens in the joint during RA?

A

Synovitis of the affected joint (inflammatory chemicals that destroys tissues are released into the joint)
Synovial tissue accumulates and the synovial wall thickens
Pannus (thickened part) clings to the articular cartilage and erodes it and creates scar tissue (ankylosis)

81
Q

What are the available treatments for RA?

A

Steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Immune suppressants (since it is an auto immune disorder)
Replace joints
Agents that target tumor necrosis factor to block cytokines

82
Q

What happens in the joint during gouty arthritis?

A

Deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues that causes inflammation
usually at base of great bone

83
Q

How is gouty arthritis treated?

A

Keeping hydration up to break down crystals (avoiding alcohol)
Drugs

84
Q

What is lyme disease caused by?

A

Bacteria from tick bites
Treatment is antibiotics
Usually causes joint pain and arthritis

Physiology (17 decks)

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