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Chapter 16 P1 Flashcards

1
Q

What system does the endocrine system work with?

A

The nervous system

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2
Q

What do the endocrine and nervous do for homeostasis?

A

Integrate and Coordinate activity of body cells

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3
Q

What does the endocrine system influence and how does it influence it?

A

Metabolic activities

Influenced by hormones transported in blood

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4
Q

What kind of response do hormones create compared to nerve impulses?

A

Slower but longer lasting

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5
Q

What is endocrinology?

A

Study of hormones and endocrine organs

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6
Q

What does the endocrine system control and integrate?

A

Reproduction
Growth
Development
Maintenance of Electrolyte, water and nutrient balance of blood
Regulation of cellular metabolism and energy balance
Mobilization of body defenses

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7
Q

What are the two types of glands

A

Exocrine

Endocrine

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8
Q

What kind of glads produce hormones and lack ducts?

A

Endocrine glands

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9
Q

What do exocrine glads use to secrete substances and what are those substances?

A

Ducts that secrete sweat and saliva (nonhormonal)

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10
Q

What glands are in the Endocrine System?

A 
Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal
Pineal Glands
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11
Q

What kind of organ is the hypothalamus?

A

Neuroendocrine organ

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12
Q

What glands are both endocrine and exocrine?

A

Pancreas and Gonads

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13
Q

What are the 3 types of chemical messengers?

A

Hormones
Autocrines
Paracrines

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14
Q

What type of chemical messengers act locally and are quicker?

A

Autocrines

Paracrines

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15
Q

By what substance are hormones transported?

A

Blood

Lymph

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16
Q

What do autocrines exert their secretion to?

A

The same cell that produce them

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17
Q

What are the two classes of hormones?

A

Amino Acids

Steroids

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18
Q

What are the types of amino acid based hormones?

A

Peptides
Proteins
Amino Acids

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19
Q

What are steroids synthesized from?

A

Cholesterol

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20
Q

What hormones are steroids?

A

Gonadal

Adrenocortical hormones

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21
Q

What cells are affected by hormones?

A

Target cells

Tissues with receptors for specific hormones

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22
Q

In what way do hormones alter target cell activities?

A 
Plasma membrane permeability
Membrane permeability
Stimulate synthesis of enzymes
Activate or deactivate enzymes
Induce secretory activity
Stimulate mitosis
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23
Q

What 2 ways do hormones act at receptors?

A

By their chemical nature

By their receptor location

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24
Q

What are the two types of soluble hormones?

A

Water soluble

Lipid soluble

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25
What hormones are water soluble hormones?
All except thyroid hormones
26
Can water soluble hormones enter the cell?
No they must bind to receptors on the membrane
27
How do water soluble hormones act on the cell?
Plasma membrane via G proteins and Second messengers
28
What are the types of secondary messengers?
cAMP cGMP PIP2-Calcium
29
What do lipid soluble hormones do for the cell?
They enter the cell and directly activate genes
30
How do lipid soluble membranes travel to the cell?
Transport proteins
31
What are two types of lipid soluble hormones?
Steroids | Thyroid hormones
32
TF: Hormones have specificity
True
33
What must target cells have to be affected by hormones?
Specific receptors to which hormones bind
34
What type of receptors are found on nearly all cells of body?
Thyroxine receptors
35
What does target cell activation depend on?
Blood levels of hormone Repetitive number of receptors on or in the target cell Affinity of binding between receptor hormone
36
What are the two types of regulation that hormones use to influence receptors?
Upregulation | Downregulation
37
What is upregulation?
Target cells form more receptors to low levels of hormones
38
What is down regulation?
Target cells lose receptors to too high levels of hormone1
39
What system do hormones use to regulate blood levels of hormones?
Negative feedback
40
What regulates the release and synthesis of hormones from endocrine glands?
Humoral stimuli Neural stimuli Hormonal stimuli
41
How does humoral stimuli influence release and synthesis of hormones?
Change in ions and nutrient levels in blood stimulates secretion of hormones (Calcium levels low causes increase in PTH that causes osteoclast activity to increase to increase blood calcium)
42
How does neuronal stimuli influence release and synthesis of hormones?
Nerve fibers stimulate hormone release | sympathetic nervous system fibers stimulate adrenal medulla to secrete catecholamines
43
How does hormonal stimuli influence hormone synthesis and release?
Hormones stimulate other endocrine organs to release their hormones (hypothalamic hormones stimulate release of anterior pituitary hormones which causes secretion of more hormones)
44
What system can override normal endocrine controls?
Nervous system | stress
45
How do hormones circulate in the blood?
Free | Bound
46
What are steroids and thyroid hormones attached to for blood transport?
Plasma proteins
47
What does the concentration of circulating hormones reflect?
Rate of release | Speed of inactivation and removal from body
48
How are hormones removed from blood?
By degrading enzymes Kidneys Liver
49
What is half life?
Time required for hormone's blood level to decrease by half
50
What is the range of half life?
One fraction of a minute to a week
51
How long do steroids usually take for the onset of action to occur?
Hours to days
52
What kind of duration of action do hormones have?
Limited duration of action (10 seconds to hours)
53
When do effects of hormones disappear?
When blood levels drop
54
TF: Hormones can persist at low blood levels?
True
55
TF: Only one hormone can act on a target cell at a time?
False | Multiple hormones may act on same target at the same time
56
What is the idea of permissiveness?
One hormone cannot exert its effects without another hormone being present
57
What hormone exhibits permissiveness?
Thyroid hormone
58
What is the idea of synergism?
More than one hormone produces the same effects on target cell (amplifies effect)
59
What hormones exhibit synergism?
Glucagon and epinephrine | work together to stimulate glucose release from the liver and into the blood
60
What is the idea of antagonism?
One or more hormones oppose action of another hormone
61
What hormones exhibit antagonism?
Glucagon raises blood glucose | Insulin reduces blood glucose
62
What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland?
``` Posterior pituitary Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) ```
63
What kind of tissue is the posterior pituitary?
Neural tissue
64
What kind of tissue is the anterior pituitary?
Glandular tissue
65
What is the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract?
A neural connection to the hypothalamus from the posterior pituitary glad
66
What NEUROhormones does the nuclei of the hypothalamus synthesize?
``` Oxytocin Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) ```
67
How do oxytocin and ADH differ?
By two amino acids
68
Where do oxytocin and ADH go after leaving the hypothalamus?
To the posterior pituitary where they are stored
69
What does oxytocin do?
Stimulates uterine contraction Triggers milk ejection Acts as neurotransmitter in the brain
70
When is oxytocin released?
During childbirth
71
What does ADH do?
Inhibits or prevents urine formation | Regulates water balance
72
What is another name for ADH?
Vasopressin
73
Where does ADH target?
Kidneys tubules - reabsorb more water
74
What is ADH release triggered by?
Pain Low blood pressure Drugs
75
What is ADH inhibited by?
Alcohol | when you drink you pee alot more
76
What does high concentration of ADH cause?
Vasoconstriction (remember it causes an increase of blood pressure through vasoconstriction)
77
What causes Diabetes INSIPIDUS?
ADH deficiency due to hypothalamus or posterior pituitary damage (THIS IS definitely ON TEST)
78
What happens when a person has diabetes insipidus (Definitely on test)?
Elimination of too much water (dehydration)
79
What is SIADH?
Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion
80
What happens in a person who has SIADH?
Retention of fluid, headache, disorientation | fluid restriction - blood sodium level monitoring
81
What pressure is increased due to SIADH?
Inter cranial pressure
82
What is the hypophyseal portal system?
Vascular connection to hypothalamus from the anterior pituitary (portal system)
83
What does the hypophyseal portal system do?
Carries releasing and inhibiting hormones to anterior pituitary to regulate hormone secretion
84
In what two ways is secretion of anterior pituitary hormones regulated?
5 releasing and 2 inhibiting hormones in the hypothalamus stimulate or inhibit their secretion Negative feedback via hormones released by target glands decreases secretion of three types of hormones
85
What are the 6 Anterior pituitary hormones?
``` Growth hormone Thyroid stimulating hormone (thyrotropin) Adrenocorticotropic hormone Follicle stimulating hormone Luteinizing hormone Prolactin ```
86
What hormones of the anterior pituitary activate cyclic AMP second messenger systems at their target cells?
All except Growth hormone
87
What kind of hormones are TSH, ACTH, FSH, and LH
Tropic hormones
88
What are tropic hormones?
Hormones that regulate secretory action of other endocrine glands
89
What is another name for hGH?
Somatotropin
90
What does hGH do?
Stimulates secretion of insulin like growth factors that promote growth
91
What does TSH do?
Stimulate synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid glands
92
What does PRL do?
Stimulates breast growth and development of the mammary glands
93
What hormones from the hypothalamus secrete that cause secretion of FSH and LH?
Gonadotropic releasing hormones
94
What does FSH do?
Ovaries initiate development of oocytes | Testes initiate development of spermatozoa
95
What does LH do?
Ovaries stimulate ovulation | Testes stimulate testosterone production
96
What two hormones are released in response to the hypothalamus releasing corticotropin releasing hormone?
ACTH and MSH(melanocyte stimulating hormone)
97
What does ACTH do?
Stimulate release of mineralocorticoid, glucocorticoid, and androgen hormones from the adrenal cortex
98
What does MSH do?
Stimulate the production of release of melanin by melanocytes in the skin and hair In brain-sex and appetite

Physiology (17 decks)

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