Chapter 16 P2

Question 1

What action does growth hormone have on metabolism?

Answer 1

Increases blood levels of fatty acids and glucose by glycogen breakdown (anti-insulin effect).

Question 2

What indirect actions does growth hormone have on growth?

Answer 2

Mediates growth via growth-promoting proteins –

insulin-like growth factors (IGFs).

Question 3

What do IGFs stimulate?

Answer 3

Increased protein synthesis; cell growth and proliferation.

Formation of collagen and deposition of bone matrix.

Question 4

What are the major targets for growth hormone?

Answer 4

bone and skeletal muscle.

Question 5

What regulates GH release?

Answer 5

Hypothalamus hormones

Question 6

What hormones stimulates release of GH?

Answer 6

Growth hormone–releasing hormone

GHRH

Question 7

What hormone inhibits release of growth hormone?

Answer 7

Growth hormone–inhibiting hormone

GHIH) (somatostatin

Question 8

What hunger hormones stimulates release of GH?

Answer 8

Ghrelin

Question 9

What does hypersecretion of GH cause in adults and in children?

Answer 9

Gigantism in children

Acromegaly in adults

Question 10

What does hyposecretion of growth hormone cause in children?

Answer 10

Pituitary dwarfism

Question 11

What does thyrotropin do?

Answer 11

Stimulates normal development and secretory activity of thyroid.

Question 12

What hormones triggers the release of Thyrotropin?

Answer 12

Thyrotropin releasing hormone from hypothalamus

Question 13

What is TSH inhibited by?

Answer 13

Rising blood levels of thyroid hormones that act on pituitary and hypothalamus

Question 14

What does corticotropin do?

Answer 14

Stimulates adrenal cortex to release

corticosteroids.

Question 15

What triggers the release of ACTH (what hormone)?

Answer 15

Hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone

Question 16

What external and internal factors alters release of ACTH?

Answer 16

Fever
Hypoglycemia
Stressors

Question 17

What are the two gonadotropins?

Answer 17

FSH

LH

Question 18

What does FSH do?

Answer 18

Stimulates gamete production

Question 19

What does LH do?

Answer 19

Promotes production of gonadal hormones

Question 20

When are gonadotropins seen in the blood?

Answer 20

After puberty hits

Question 21

What triggers release of Gonadotropins?

Answer 21

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone during and after puberty

Question 22

What suppresses gonadotropins?

Answer 22

Gonadal hormones (feedback inhibition)

Question 23

What does prolactin do?

Answer 23

Stimulates milk production

Question 24

What is PRL release controlled by?

Answer 24

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone

Question 25

When does PRL blood levels rise?

Answer 25

towards the end of pregnancy

Question 26

What are the two lateral loves of the thyroid gland connected by?

Answer 26

Isthmus

Question 27

What is the thyroid gland composed of?

Answer 27

Follicles that produce glycoprotein thyroglobulin

Question 28

What fills the lumen of follicles?

Answer 28

Colloid (has thyroglobulin and iodine)

Question 29

What is the precursor to thyroid hormones?

Answer 29

Colloid

Question 30

What do parafollicular cells of the thyroid produce?

Answer 30

Calcitonin

Question 31

How many hormones are in thyroid hormone and what are they?

Answer 31

T4 thyroxine | T3 triiodothyronine

Question 32

How many iodines are attached to T4?

Answer 32

4

Question 33

What hormone affects virtually every cell in the body?

Answer 33

Thyroid hormone

Question 34

What is required for TH stimulus?

Answer 34

Iodine

Question 35

What hormone is the major metabolic hormone?

Answer 35

Thyroid hormone

Question 36

What does thyroid hormone do?

Answer 36

Increases metabolic rate and heat production

Question 37

What does thyroid hormone regulate?

Answer 37

Tissue growth and development (development of skeletal and nervous system) (reproductive capabilities)

Question 38

What does thyroid hormone maintain?

Answer 38

Blood pressure

Question 39

What are the thyroid hormones transported by?

Answer 39

Thyroxine-binding globulins (TBGs)

Question 40

Is t3 or t4 more active in binding?

Answer 40

T3

Question 41

What converts T4 to T3?

Answer 41

Peripheral tissues

Question 42

What kind of mechanism regulates TH release?

Answer 42

Negative feedback

Question 43

What is the result of hyposecretion of TH in adults?

Answer 43

Myxedema Goiter (lack of iodine)

Question 44

What results from hyposecretion of TH in infants?

Answer 44

Cretinism

Question 45

What is the most common type of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 45

Graves' disease

Question 46

What is calcitonin produced by?

Answer 46

Parafollicular C cells

Question 47

What is the antagonist to PTH?

Answer 47

Calcitonin

Question 48

What happens when calcitonin levels are too high?

Answer 48

Inhibition of osteoclasts activity and release of Ca2+ from bone (decrease in Ca levels in blood)

Question 49

Where are the parathyroid glands?

Answer 49

Embedded in posterior aspect of thyroid

Question 50

What do parathyroid cells secrete?

Answer 50

Parathyroid hormone

Question 51

What is the most important hormone in Calcium homeostasis?

Answer 51

PTH

Question 52

What does the parathyroid hormone stimulate?

Answer 52

Osteoclasts

Question 53

What does pth enhance?

Answer 53

Reabsorption of calcium by kidneys

Question 54

What does PTH promote?

Answer 54

Activation of Vitamin D by kidneys | Increases absorption of calcium by intestinal mucosa

Question 55

What causes hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 55

Tumors

Question 56

What causes hypoparathyroidism?

Answer 56

Gland trauma or removal of dietary magnesium deficiency

Question 57

What does hypothyroidism result in?

Answer 57

Tetany Respiratory paralysis Death

Question 58

What happens due to hyperthyroidism?

Answer 58

Bones soften and deform Depression of nervous system Kidney stones due to high Calcium levels