1.4 Aspects of Life - FRG

Question 1

How many surplus women were there after WW2?

Answer 1

7.3 million

Question 2

What was the rise in divorce rate between 1946 and 1948?

Answer 2

80%

Question 3

Did many women get involved in politics after WW2?

Answer 3

no
those who did were involved before 1933 as well

Question 4

When was the Ministry for Family Affairs set up and what did it do?

Answer 4

1953
provided wives and mothers with financial benefits

Question 5

What did Adenauer do for gender equality?

Answer 5

made speeches in favour of equality
but did nothing really

Question 6

How many women were involved with creating Basic Law?

Answer 6

4

Question 7

Which party was in favour of equality?

Answer 7

SPD

Question 8

What did the CDU think about women?

Answer 8

they should not be working

Question 9

What did Article 3 of Basic Law give?

Answer 9

equality under law for all citizens

Question 10

When was the Civil Code revised?

Answer 10

1958

Question 11

When was the Marriage and Family law revised and what did that give?

Answer 11

1977
equal rights in marriage

Question 12

What was the outcome of a 1982 survey about the role/importance of women?

Answer 12

50% of men and 54% of women thought a mans career was more important
70% of men and 68% of women thought women should stop working upon marriage
70% of men and women thought women should care for the home

Question 13

When were Women’s Liberation movements popular and with whom?

Answer 13

active 1960s and 1970s
students and radicals
city and university based

Question 14

What happened with an equal living commune?

Answer 14

set up 1967 by students
women ended up doing all the housework and left after 6 months

Question 15

When was the Action Council for Women’s Liberation set up?

Answer 15

January 1968

Question 16

What did the Action Council for Women’s Liberation do?

Answer 16

set up day-cares
organised campaign to change nursery and school system

Question 17

What happened to the Action Council for Women’s Liberation?

Answer 17

fell apart 1969
not theoretical enough and too family oriented for some

Question 18

What did journalist Alice Schwarzer do that cause public outcry?

Answer 18

30 photos of women in Stern magazine saying “We’ve had abortions!”

Question 19

What did pro-abortion campaigns do?

Answer 19

targeted paragraph 218 of the Weimar Criminal code which outlaws abortion

Question 20

Was the pro-abortion movement successful?

Answer 20

1974: law passed allowing abortion in first 12 weeks
1975: law declared unconstitutional by Federal Court as it violated the foetus’ rights

Question 21

What were some general things women’s rights groups did?

Answer 21

set up refuges for battered women
distributed women’s health pamphlets inc. contraception
campaigned against workplace sexual discrimination

Question 22

What proportion of people were women in the Bundestag?

Answer 22

5.8% in 1972
15.4% in 1987

Question 23

What did the Green Party believe regarding women?

Answer 23

adopted feminist views
fought for abortion rights

Question 24

What roles did women take in popular industries?

Answer 24

75% of the hospital workforce but 4% of physicians
50% of school teachers but 20% of principles
1980s: 5% of uni lecturers

Question 25

What proportion of men's salaries did women earn?

Answer 25

1970s: 65-78%

Question 26

What were the changes to divorce?

Answer 26

1977 - no guilt clause added to law alimony awarded to the one raising the child 1960: 49,000 divorces 1990: 123,000 divorces

Question 27

What was done to encourage stay at home mothers in 1989?

Answer 27

awarded tax breaks and benefits to stay at home until child was at least 3 years old

Question 28

By 1989 what proportion of married women with children under 15 were working?

Answer 28

50% though half of these were working part time

Question 29

What did the Allies do to education immediately after WW2?

Answer 29

shut all schools reopened Autumn 1945 removed Nazi teachers and textbooks no real reform before FRG

Question 30

What did the Americans try to do to education in their zone immediately after WW2?

Answer 30

tried to introduce American system bought 5 million textbooks

Question 31

What did Basic Law mean for education?

Answer 31

Laender were responsible continued to vary wildly

Question 32

Where were secular schools much more popular?

Answer 32

north

Question 33

What happened with teaching history?

Answer 33

much disagreement over how to teach Nazi history many ended up teaching only factual European history

Question 34

When was the Dusseldorf Agreement?

Answer 34

1955

Question 35

What did the Dusseldorf Agreement do?

Answer 35

set examination standards same term dates same length of study

Question 36

When did FRG begin teaching about Nazis and GDR?

Answer 36

1962

Question 37

What changes to education happened to higher education in the 1960s?

Answer 37

secondary education became free and encouraged Uni student numbers rose but highlighted old curriculum and inadequate facilities

Question 38

How did the numbers in higher education change?

Answer 38

Gymnasium: 850,000 in 1960 to 2 million in 1980 University: 250,000 in 1960 to 750,000 in 1980

Question 39

When was the Federal Education Promotion Act?

Answer 39

1971

Question 40

What did the Federal Education Promotion Act do?

Answer 40

gave state funding or loans to working class children to attend university

Question 41

What changes did the FRG make to try and return themselves to being 'leaders of culture'?

Answer 41

removed Nazi censorship reinstated 'degenerate' art adapted to Western culture - lost some old culture eg. Wagner

Question 42

What was a big shift in society?

Answer 42

all ages embraced anti-nuclear, ecological and alternative lifestyle

Question 43

How did cinema change?

Answer 43

homeland films had previously been popular but these were overshadowed by escapist and romantic new American films in 1960s

Question 44

What was set up to try and show the realities and social problems of Germany?

Answer 44

Das neue Kino 1962 'unassimilated past' of Nazi Germany social problems of FRG eg. Jew persecution, migrant workers

Question 45

What divide became clear in the 1960s?

Answer 45

old vs young generations older: traditional and consumerist lifestyle younger: embrace immediate past and less consumerism

Question 46

How many refugees were there after WW2?

Answer 46

1 April 1947 10 million refugees or expellees

Question 47

What was the employment situation in 1955?

Answer 47

FRG at full employment so Government wanted to recruit from abroad - Unions feared they would undercut Germans Government guaranteed same wages and a hiring preference for Germans

Question 48

What was the Foreign Labour Programme?

Answer 48

after a physical examination a foreign worker would get a 1 year contract in Germany lived in accommodation provided by employer - often near factories and cut off from communities

Question 49

What happened to the Foreign Labour Programme in 1961?

Answer 49

stepped up as the Berlin Wall meant they lost workers from the GDR

Question 50

What sort of people got hired by the Foreign Labour Programme and into which industries?

Answer 50

man 20-40 for manual labour Germans were happy not to do mining: 870,000 Germans left 1961-1971, replaced by 1.1 million guestworkers

Question 51

What change in types of jobs worked by German men was there?

Answer 51

1961-1973 3 million Germans left industrial and agricultural jobs for white collar jobs

Question 52

What did the female guest workers do?

Answer 52

jobs in electronics and hospitality

Question 53

Was there a change in illegal workers?

Answer 53

illegal workers increased - took low wages and no accommodation

Question 54

What were the guest workers' positions in German society?

Answer 54

temporary did not have citizens rights many stayed and renewed contracts yearly - brough family with them 1964: 25% guest workers been there for minimum 3 years

Question 55

Were the guest workers welcome in Germany?

Answer 55

support from church organisations 1966 recession meant they faced tensions and hostility - landlords refused them made worse by their protests for rights

Question 56

How many guest workers were there in 1960?

Answer 56

270,000

Question 57

How many guest workers were there in 1964?

Answer 57

over 1 million

Question 58

What changed in the 1970s for the guest workers?

Answer 58

increased pressures for them to leave because of a rise in unemployment

Question 59

What change to guest workers was made November 1973?

Answer 59

stopped being hired and existing permits banned numbers fell to 2 million

Question 60

What did Ford offer to its workers?

Answer 60

1974: voluntary severance packages awarded on a points system meant immigrant families with more children were not laid off but Germans were

Question 61

When did the guest workers' children gain some rights?

Answer 61

1975

Question 62

When was the hiring ban on guest workers lifted?

Answer 62

1977

Question 63

What changed for guest workers in 1978?

Answer 63

Commissioner for Foreign Affairs promoted their rights and integration they could apply for unrestricted residence (not citizenship)

Question 64

What did education look like for the children of guest workers?

Answer 64

Basic Law promised democratic education 200,000 foreign children 1983 - 60% Muslim Christian schools could not provide so set up own schools these attracted hostility and lacked integration

Question 65

What did Ethnic Associations do?

Answer 65

helped newcomers settle in lacked integration, especially Muslim Turks

Question 66

Why did the guest workers not integrate?

Answer 66

suspicion of religion and politics caused hostility language problems increased lack of understanding continued to be viewed as temporary and non-German