11 VP axial sk. & 12 VP & 13 VP Flashcards
Axial skeleton
- ? and ?
- ?
- ?
- ?
Vertebral Formula for the dog: ?
Axial skeleton incldues
Skull and mandibles , vertebrae, ribs and sternum
Vertebral Formula for the dog: C7 T13 L7 S3
Cervical (7), Thoracic (13), Lumbar (7), Sacral (3), Caudal
Vertebral body
* ? are located between adjacent bodies
Vertebral arch
* Consists of ? (walls) and
? (roof)
* ? - surrounded by arch and dorsal surface of body
Processes
* (Dorsal) spinous process
* ? – bilateral
* ? – cranial and caudal pairs
Vertebral canal and intervertebral foramen
Vertebral canal
* Formed by the ?
* Houses ?
Intervertebral foramen
* Located laterally between ? vertebrae
* ? and ? course through
Vertebral body
* intervertebral discs are located between adjacent bodies
Vertebral arch
* Consists of pedicles (walls) and
laminae (roof)
* vertebral foramen - surrounded by arch and dorsal surface of body
Processes
* (Dorsal) spinous process
* transverse processes – bilateral
* articular processes – cranial and caudal pairs
Vertebral canal and intervertebral foramen
Vertebral canal
* Formed by the vertebral foramen
* Houses spinal cord
Intervertebral foramen
* Located laterally between adjacent vertebrae
* spinal nerves and blood vessels course through
Cervical vertebrae C1 and C2 are NOT typical vertebrae!
C1 (Atlas)
* Large transverse processes, referred to as
?
* No ? like C2 (Axis)
C2 (Axis)
* Prominent ?
* ? articulates with atlas
Joints associated with the Atlas
Atlanto-occipital joint
* Between ? and the ?
* Allows ? and ? only (nodding “?” joint)
Atlantoaxial joint
* Between the ? and the ?
* ? along the long axis (“no” joint)
Cervical vertebrae C1 and C2 are NOT typical vertebrae!
C1 (Atlas)
* Large transverse processes, referred to as
wings
* No spinous process like C2 (Axis)
C2 (Axis)
* Prominent spinous process
* Dens articulates with atlas
Joints associated with the Atlas
Atlanto-occipital joint
* Between atlas (C1) and the occipital condyles of skull
* Allows extension and flexion only (nodding “yes” joint)
Atlantoaxial joint
* Between the axial C2 and atlas C1 ?
* Rotary movement along the long axis (“no” joint)
Ligaments associated with the atlas and axis
? ligaments stabilize the atlas and axis.
*** IMP!!! ? - holds dens against the atlas
C3-C6
* ?
* Short ?
* ? present in transverse processes of C1- C6 for vertebral artery, vein, nerve
C7
* ? transverse foramen
* Has a ? for articulation with the ?
Ligaments associated with the atlas and axis
several ligaments stabilize the atlas and axis.
***!!! Transverse ligament of the atlas - holds dens against the atlas
Ligaments associated with the atlas and axis
C3-C6
* more typical
* Short spinous processes
* transverse foramen present in transverse processes of C1- C6 for vertebral artery, vein, nerve
C7
* No transverse foramen
* Has a costal fovea for articulation with the 1st rib
Thoracic vertebrae
- short or long spinous processes?
- Short transverse processes due to ?
- Costal foveae on bodies and transverse processes for ?
Thoracic vertebrae
- long spinous processes?
- Short transverse processes due to articulation w ribs
- Costal foveae on bodies and transverse processes for articulation w ribs
Ribs and sternum
- how many pairs of ribs in the dog (same as dog)
- how many sternebrae in the dog
- ribs dont attach directly to sternum, ribs attach to ***IMP ? which in turn attaches to sternum
Costochondral junction present at the end of ribs which attaches to costal cartilage
know where manubrium and xiphoid cartilage is (image in answer.)
Ribs and sternum
- how many pairs of ribs in the dog (same as dog). = same as T so 13 pairs of ribs
- how many sternebrae in the dog = 8 sternebrae in dog
- ribs dont attach directly to sternum, ribs attach to ***IMP costal cartilage which in turn attaches to sternum
Costochondral junction present at the end of ribs which attaches to costal cartilage
Rib articulation
The head of the rib articulates with the bodies of the ? vertebrae cranial to that rib for ribs ?.
For ribs 1-13, the head of the rib articulates with the body of the same number.
The *? of the ribs articulate with the *? of the ? thoracic vertebrae for all ribs.
Rib articulation
The head of the rib articulates with the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae cranial to that rib for ribs.
For ribs 1-13, the head of the rib articulates with the body of the same number.
The *head of the ribs articulate with the *transverse processes of the ? thoracic vertebrae for all ribs.
Lumbar vertebrae
- small or large bodies?
- small or L? transverse processes
- ? spinous processes
- Extra ? for muscle
SACRUM
Fused S1, S2, S3 vertebrae
* Articulates with ? (2)
* The junction of the ventral surface with the cranial extremities forms a lip called the ?
* Fused ? processes
* Foramen for ? instead of
intervertebral foramina (3, 3’)
Lumbar vertebrae
* large bodies
* L transverse processes
* prominent spinous processes
* Extra processes for muscle
Sacrum
* Fused S1, S2, S3 vertebrae
* Articulates with ilium (2)
* The junction of the ventral surface with the cranial extremities forms a lip called the sacral promontory
* Fused transverse processes
* Foramen for nerves instead of
intervertebral foramina (3, 3’)
Caudal/coccygeal vertebrae
The first few caudal vertebrae look like typical vertebrae and then they become more ?-shaped
* ? located on Ca4-Ca6 - function?
Intervertebral disc
▪Located between ? (except at ? and in the ?)
▪? structure
▪? absorber, spreads the ? evenly between bones
▪Two parts:
1. ?
* Outer circumferential collagenous fibers
* Thicker ?
- ?
* Inner ? core
Caudal/coccygeal vertebrae
The first few caudal vertebrae look like typical vertebrae and then they become more rod-shaped
* Hemal arch located on Ca4-Ca6 - protects tail vessel.
Intervertebral disc
▪Located between vertebral bodies (except at C1-C2 and in the sacrum)
▪Fibrocartiliganous structure
▪shock absorber, which spreads the load evenly between bones
▪Two parts:
1. anulus fibrosus
* Outer circumferential collagenous fibers
* Thicker ventrally
- nucleus pulposes
* Inner gelatinous core
Vertebral ligaments
Supraspinous ligament
* Courses ? along the ? processes of ? – Ca3 vertebrae
Nuchal ligament
* ? extension of the supraspinous ligament
* Courses between the spinous processes of the ? and ? in the dog (more extensive in large animals!)
* Not present in the cat (or pig)
Vertebral ligaments
*Supraspinous ligament
* Courses dorsally along the spinous processes of T1 – Ca3 vertebrae
*Nuchal ligament
* cranial extension of the supraspinous ligament
* Courses between the spinous processes of the C2 and T1 in the dog (more extensive in large animals!)
* Not present in the cat (or pig)
Vertebral ligaments
Dorsal longitudinal ligament (A) -
* Located on the dorsal surface of the ?, ventral to the ?
Ventral longitudinal ligament (J)
- Located on the ventral surface of the ?
? and ? ligaments
- Broad bands between spinous processes and between transverse processes
Vertebral ligaments
Dorsal longitudinal ligament (A) - (even tho name dorsal its ventral to spinal chord but only dorsal to body of vertebrae)
- Located on the dorsal surface of the vertebral bodies, ventral to the spinal cord
Ventral longitudinal ligament (J)
- Located on the ventral surface of the vertebral bodies
Interspinous and intertransverse ligaments
- Broad bands between spinous processes and between transverse processes
