Virology L5&6 Flashcards
What’s in a name?
Naming by disease symptoms and lesions?
CONFUSION tho!
What if… SAME DISEASE, DIFFERENT NAMES
What’s in a name?
§ Taxonomy: the science of ?, describing, and ? organisms
§ ? classification (based on the viral genome)
(ICTV) stands for?
§ Genome
§ Replication strategies
§ Morphology
Order (virales) -> Family (viridae) -> subfamily (virinae) -> genus (virus) -> species
What’s in a name?
Naming by disease symptoms and lesions?
CONFUSION tho!
What if… SAME DISEASE, DIFFERENT NAMES
What’s in a name?
§ Taxonomy: the science of naming, describing, and classifying organisms
§ Baltimore classification (based on the viral genome)
(ICTV) stands for International Committee on Taxonomy for Viruses
§ Genome
§ Replication strategies
§ Morphology
What to know/family?!
ALWAYS KNOW below:
Ø Virus ? or ?
Ø Specific ?
Ø Important ?
Ø ?
What to know/family?!
ALWAYS KNOW below:
Ø Virus DNA or RNA
Ø Specific characteristics
Ø Important members
Ø diseases
DNA VIRUSES
Adenoviridae (recall: also linked with bacteria bordtella)
Characteristics:
§ Linear ss or ds? DNA or RNA?
§ Non-enveloped or enveloped?, shape?
§ Fibers at ?
§ Release by ?
Transmission: ?, fecal-oral
Epidemiology
§ Canine adenovirus 1 (CAV1)
- Infectious canine ?
§ Canine adenovirus 2 (CAV2)
- Infectious ? (‘? cough’)
§ Several adenoviruses
- ? infections in cattle, sheep, goats,
pigs, horses
§ Vaccines available (CAV2-attenuated live virus strains cross-protect against CAV1)
DNA VIRUSES
Adenoviridae (recall: also linked with bacteria bordtella)
Characteristics:
§ Linear ds DNA
§ Non-enveloped, shape = icosahedral
§ Fibers at vertices
§ Release by lysis
Transmission: droplets, fecal-oral
Epidemiology
§ Canine adenovirus 1 (CAV1)
- Infectious canine heptatitis
§ Canine adenovirus 2 (CAV2)
- Infectious tracheobronchitis (‘kennel cough’)
§ Several adenoviruses
- respiratory infections in cattle, sheep, goats,
pigs, horses
§ Vaccines available (CAV2-attenuated live virus strains cross-protect against CAV1)
Infectious Canine Hepatitis (CAV1)
Canine adenovirus 1 - most or least virulent than canine adenovirus 2?
Potentially fatal in ? puppies
Affects liver, ?, ? and ? endothelium
§ ?
§ ?
§ Keratoconjunctivitis
For initial puppy vaccination (< 16 weeks), one dose of vaccine containing modified live virus (MLV) CPV, CDV, and “ CAV-2 is recommended every ?-? weeks from ?-? weeks of age “, with the final booster being given no sooner than 16 weeks of age. For dogs older than 16 weeks of age, two doses of vaccine containing modified live virus (MLV) CPV, CDV, and CAV-2 given 3-4 weeks apart are recommended. After a booster at 6 months to one year, revaccination is recommended every * ? * thereafter.
Infectious Canine Hepatitis (CAV1)
Canine adenovirus 1 - most virulent
Potentially fatal in unvaccinated puppies
Affects liver, kidney, eyes and vascular endothelium
§ hepatitis
§ vasculities
§ Keratoconjunctivitis
CAV-2 is recommended every 3-4 weeks from 6-8 weeks of age “, with the final booster being given no sooner than 16 weeks of age. For dogs older than 16 weeks of age, two doses of vaccine containing modified live virus (MLV) CPV, CDV, and CAV-2 given 3-4 weeks apart are recommended. After a booster at 6 months to one year, revaccination is recommended every ** 3 years * thereafter.
Infectious tracheobronchitis (Kennel Cough)
§ Canine adenovirus 2 - less virulent one
- ? as primary or secondary infection
§ ? bronchiseptica, ? spp., E. coli
§ Dry, harsh, hacking ? due to tracheobronchitis
§ Increased ? production, nasal or eye discharge
§ ?, loss of ?
Infectious tracheobronchitis (Kennel Cough)
§ Canine adenovirus 2 - less virulent one
- Bacteria as primary or secondary infection
§ bordetella bronchiseptica, pseudomonas spp., E. coli
§ Dry, harsh, hacking cough due to tracheobronchitis
§ Increased mucus production, nasal or eye discharge
§ Fever, loss of appetite
Poxviridae
Characteristics
§ Linear ss or ds? DNA or RNA?
§ ** nucleus or cytoplasmic? replication **
§ Intra-cellular or extra-celular? mature virus, ? ? virion
§ Release by ? or ?
§ Transmission: direct or indirect? contact, ?, ? (smallpox), ?
§ ? and complex animal virus
§ Presence of ? ? bodies are hallmark of infection
- POX = any of several viral diseases producing a rash of ? that become ?-filled and leave ? on healing. Many poxviruses manifest as skin ?. *
e.g.
Avipoxvirus (birds like hen and pigeon)
Suipoxvirus (sui: pigs):
§ Transmitted by biting louse (lice - Haematopinus suis) -> eradication of lice is important
Poxviridae
Characteristics
§ Linear ds DNA
§ ** cytoplasmic replication **
§ Intra-cellular mature virus, extracellular enveloped virion
§ Release by lysis or budding
§ Transmission: direct contact, fomites, droplets (smallpox), insects (Replication in insects doesn’t take place here)
§ Largest and complex animal virus
§ Presence of intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies are hallmark of infection
- POX = any of several viral diseases producing a rash of pimples that become pus-filled and leave pockmarks on healing. Many poxviruses manifest as skin leisions. *
Rabbit Myxomatosis
§ ?
§ Spreads through mosquitoes, ?, biting ?, and ? contact with infected animals
A genius or bad plan?
§Use of virus to control rabbits in Australia (released in 1950) (~ Europe 1952)
§Initial mortality rates>90% and epidemic continued for 4years with high mortality rates §Now: selection for resistant rabbits and endemicdisease!
(- resistant to less virulent ones; now it circulates within rabbit population now; viruses are smart they will maintain, adapt and replicate!)
Rabbit Myxomatosis
§ Leporipoxvirus
§ Spreads through mosquitoes, fleas, biting flies, and direct contact with infected animals
A genius or bad plan?
§Use of virus to control rabbits in Australia (released in 1950) (~ Europe 1952)
§Initial mortality rates>90% and epidemic continued for 4years with high mortality rates §Now: selection for resistant rabbits and endemicdisease!
(- resistant to less virulent ones; now it circulates within rabbit population now; viruses are smart they will maintain, adapt and replicate!)
Squirrel Fibroma (see pics on slides #22 - 25)
§ ?
§ Pox in ? squirrels with fatal outcome
Goatpox, Sheeppox, Bovine Lumpy Skin Disease
§ ?
ORF, Scabby Disease, Thistle Disease, Sore Mouth
§ Parapoxvirus species ? virus
§ Primarily contagious pustular dermatitis in ? and ?
Cowpox
§ ? species ? virus
§ Mostly in ? (and cats!)
- are zoonotic?
Squirrel Fibroma
§ Parapoxvirus
§ Pox in red squirrels with fatal outcome
Goatpox, Sheeppox, Bovine Lumpy Skin Disease
§ capripoxvirus
ORF, Scabby Disease, Thistle Disease, Sore Mouth
§ Parapoxvirus species Orf virus
§ Primarily contagious pustular dermatitis in sheep and goat
§ are ZOONOTIC!!!
Cowpox
§ Orthopoxvirus species Cowpox virus
§ Mostly in cattle (and cats!)
- are ZOONOTIC!!
this slide shows the history of vaccination by Edward Jenner (Recall: lady montigau also played a role in this)
Vaccinus = meaning of/from the cow
variolae vaccinae = smallpox of the cow
vaca = cow
small pox is more virulent so Philip a boy who ahs cow pox (less virulent than small pox) is inoculated with the scabs of smallpox and thus, philips is unaffected and protection is complete.
Smallpox, Red Plague
§ ? species ? virus variant major (mortality > 30%) and minor
(small pox affects not only the skin but also the blood vessels thus causing leisions? and casing mortality rates)
Smallpox, Red Plague
§ Vaccinia virus in ? form in smallpox vaccine > ?-protective immune response!
§ Only two labs are allowed to have smallpox virus for research
- Centers for ? Control and Prevention
(CDC) in USA
- ? State Centre for Research on
? and Biotechnology in Russia
Concern for ?
§ Last natural outbreak in 1977
§ People born after 1972 have not been routinely vaccinated
§ No single country has all capacity to respond to public health emergencies caused by epidemics and ‘new’ diseases
§ Multi-doses of ? in readiness
Smallpox, Red Plague
§ orthopoxvirus species Variola virus variant major (mortality > 30%) and minor
(small pox affects not only the skin but also the blood vessels thus causing leisions? and casing mortality rates)
Smallpox, Red Plague
§ Vaccinia virus in weakened form in smallpox vaccine > cross-protective immune response!
§ Only two labs are allowed to have smallpox virus for research
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC) in USA
- Russian State Centre for Research on
Virology and Biotechnology in Russia
Concern for bioterrorism
§ Last natural outbreak in 1977
§ People born after 1972 have not been routinely vaccinated
§ No single country has all capacity to respond to public health emergencies caused by epidemics and ‘new’ diseases
§ Multi-doses of vaccine in readiness
Monkeypox
§ Genus Orthopoxvirus species ? virus
§ Natural host reservoir: ?, ?
zoonotic or not?
** § Direct contact with ?, bodily fluids, cutaneous or mucosal ? of infected animals
§ ?, scratches
§ Consumption of ? or ? cooked (bush)meat **
Monkeypox
§ Genus Orthopoxvirus species Monkeypox virus
§ Natural host reservoir: monkeys, rodents
zoonotic!!!!
** § Direct contact with body, bodily fluids, cutaneous or mucosal leisions of infected animals
§ Bites, scratches
§ Consumption of raw or improperly cooked (bush)meat **
monkeypox ignored in other countires and some outbreaks in Africa and not paying attention to it but recently through global transportaion now we are paying attention to it
Monkeypox
Human-to-? transmission
§ Direct contact with ?, body ? and respiratory ?
§ Vertical or horizontal? transmission
§ Skin-to-skin, face-to-?, mouth-to-?
§ Ignored African problem (outbreaks 2017; cases 2018-2021)
§ -> 2022: 15,593 cases in 68 countries with no history
§ Preventative measures!
§ Isolate at home when infected.
§ Vaccination with smallpox vaccine (85% protection)
started Vx with smallpox vx - provided 85% protection so good to get vaccines like smallpox vaccines (cross-infections)
Monkeypox
Human-to-human transmission
§ Direct contact with leisions, body fluids and respiratory droplets
§ Vertical transmission
§ Skin-to-skin, face-to-skin, mouth-to-skin
§ Ignored African problem (outbreaks 2017; cases 2018-2021)
§ -> 2022: 15,593 cases in 68 countries with no history
§ Preventative measures!
§ Isolate at home when infected.
§ Vaccination with smallpox vaccine (85% protection)
Parvoviridae
Characteristics
§ ** Linear ss or ds? DNA or RNA?
§ Parvo = “means small or big?” **
§ Non-enveloped or enveloped?, stable
§ Release by ?
§ Can only replicate autonomously in ? (e.g. erythrocyte progenitors, intestinal crypt cells, lymphoid cells). Otherwise, co-infection with ? or ?.
§ Transmission: ?, oral ? of fecal-oral route
§ Epidemiology
-> Human ? B#?: erythema infectiosum (fifth disease) in children, polyarthropathy in adults
Parvoviridae
Characteristics
§ ** Linear ss DNA (note: normally ds DNA)
§ Parvo = “means small” **
§ Non-enveloped, stable
§ Release by lysis
§ Can only replicate autonomously in actively cycling cells (e.g. erythrocyte progenitors, intestinal crypt cells, lymphoid cells). Otherwise, co-infection with adenovirus or herpesvirus
§ Transmission: respiratory, oral droplets of fecal-oral route
§ Epidemiology
-> Human parvovirus B19: erythema infectiosum (fifth disease) in children, polyarthropathy in adults
Canine parvovirus
§ ? species Canine ? #?
§ Generalized disease in puppies (80% fatal)
Enteritis, myocarditis (rarely), lymphopenia (low level of lymphocytes - bloody diarrhea) Splenomegaly
Other parvoviruses
§ Feline ? virus (FPV): generalized disease (feline infectious enteritis) in ? with panleukopenia and ? hypoplasia
§ Porcine parvovirus (PPV): reproductive failure with no ? signs
Canine parvovirus
§ Protoparvovirus species Canine parvovirus 2
§ Generalized disease in puppies (80% fatal)
Other parvoviruses
§ Feline panleukemia virus (FPV): generalized disease (feline infectious enteritis) in kittens with panleukopenia and cerebellar hypoplasia
§ Porcine parvovirus (PPV): reproductive failure with no maternal signs
Parcine parvovirues & Feline panleukopenia virus
§ Parvovirus infections of the fetus (pig or cat) or newborn (dog or cat) result in ? infection and tissue ? -> ? defects
Porcine parvovirus infection: stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death & infertility
** (? syndrome) **
Feline ? virus: cerebellar hypoplasia
Parcine parvovirues & Feline panleukopenia virus
§ Parvovirus infections of the fetus (pig or cat) or newborn (dog or cat) result in widespread infection and tissue destruction -> developmental defects
Porcine parvovirus infection: stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death & infertility
** (SMEDI syndrome) **
Feline panleukopenia virus: cerebellar hypoplasia
Herpesviridae
Typically cause ** ? infections**, with intermittent or ? ? shedding
§ Virus in ? cell bodies
§ Viral DNA released into ? nucleus and ?
-> ? viral DNA persists in the ? cell nucleus
A DNA virus replicates in the nucleus. Latent infection: after you have your initial infection in your epithelial cells and for example, there is lytic infection (e.g. cold or genital sore) -> Now you can have the development of a latent infection where you have no clinical symptoms
the latent infection occurs when we have migration of our viruses to our neurons in our neuronal cell bodies, we will find the virus back as a circular strand of viral DNA.
So once the virus enters here in your neuronal nucleus (yellow thing on the right in the pic), so yellow thing is the nucleus of the neuronal cell and circulazation of viral DNA present in the middle of nucleus and note!! this is separate from the genome of your neuronal cell!
So it’s not the same as a provirus. It’s not being integrated in our genome so it circularizes and u have a viral piece of viral, circular DNA presence in these neuronal cells.
So if you are a carrier of the herpes virus in your neuronal cells, you will have that piece of viral DNA present.
(studies conducted on this suggests that -> further development of Alzheimer’s disease or a keratitis or an antibody test but NOT SURE)
bottom one on the right: What we do know is that under stress stimuli, you can have a reactivation and production of some virions (incomplete term as it isnt fully infectious yet)
but you have the production of a virus particle that migrates back to the epithelial cells, and then from there onwards completes a full replication cycle And at that point you have again clinical signs ->
THUS y when u are stressed and have herpes then u’ll get a sum like pimple at the oral cavity So that’s why you have these outbreaks of herpes under stress Similar. It could be stress that you’re well aware of, could be also stress that you’re not aware of (release of cortisol)
And so. That could lead to the reactivation of your viruses and you’ll have, again, lytic infection when you have the lytic infection u are INFECTIOUS! You are infectious at that point. You can spread virus particles because that’s when you have actively virus particles being produced at the skin.
So that’s where you can provide the infection to someone else, not when you’re in the latent infection.
Herpesviridae
Typically cause ** LATENT infections**, with intermittent or continuous shedding
§ Virus in neuronal cell bodies
§ Viral DNA released into neuronal nucleus and circularizes
-> circular viral DNA persists in the neuronal cell nucleus
Species
Suid herpesvirus
(SuHV-1)
Disease
Aujeskzy’s disease
Pseudorabies (USA)
Transmission
nose-to-nose contact, aerosols
Herpesviridae
§ Species-jumping: Herpes, not so quite species-specific after all?!
(notes: in zoo they aren’t exposed to each other but transmission of these specific viruses can occur in zoo among diff. animals through maybe indirect contact with fomites or mechanical carriers going around
EHV1 - EHV9 - EHV1
How?!
Not stable in environment
68m away from each other, different personnel Other hosts as carriers?! (e.g. mice, rodents,…)
Zebra-derived herpesvirus
§ recombinant = genetic material of two different viruses
Papillomaviridae
Normal vs papilloma-infected epithelium: maintain cell division during cell differentiation
not cycling anymore; targets layer close to basal membrane so instead of normal division here, continuous division of cells occurs which is tumor-like so lesions or wart pops up
- even at squamous layer and messes up clear differentiation and formation of wart occurs and through continued division leads to the formation of HPV virion
usually warts or leisions, HOWEVER in some cases we can see dysregulation to extent and it can transform to cancer cells (onco viruses - so it can cause cancer); one of the many can cause it
Polyomaviridae
Characteristics
§ Circular ds or ss? DNA
§ Non-enveloped or enveloped?
§ Release by ?
§Transmission: aerosolized dust, contaminated feces, egg transmission
§ Hosts: mammals and birds
§ ** Cell-tropism: ? system, ?, brain **
Epidemiology
§ Budgerigar ? disease polyomavirus (BFD)
§ SimianpolyomavirusS40 (SV40) -> (not fully circulate and can be seen in humans and monkeys and tends to be more asymptomatic (rhesus macaque)
this has also been linked to ? (onco virus?)
Polyomaviridae
Characteristics
§ Circular ds DNA
§ Non-enveloped
§ Release by lysis
§Transmission: aerosolized dust, contaminated feces, egg transmission
§ Hosts: mammals and birds
§ ** Cell-tropism: respiratory system, kidneys, brain **
Epidemiology
§ Budgerigar fledgling disease polyomavirus (BFD)
§ SimianpolyomavirusS40 (SV40) -> (not fully circulate and can be seen in humans and monkeys and tends to be more asymptomatic (rhesus macaque)
this has also been linked to cancer (onco virus?)
