GI tract CLINICAL (Struc) Flashcards
look at slides for pics
slide 3:
LEFT SLIDE
The reticulum is the cranial most
rumen is present caudally; dorsal sac and ventral sac
slide 4:
RIGHT SIDE
omasum present cranially
abomasum “true” stomach of ruminants
small intestine:
duodoneum (2)
jejunum (3)
Large intestine:
NOTE: descending colon and rectum are both short; ascending colon is superrr long
LEARNING OBJECTIVES – Key elements of the lecture
- Know the BASIC ANATOMY of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of the adult bovine animal: esophagus, forestomachs (rumen, reticulum, omasum), abomasum, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), cecum, colon, rectum
Know the clinical presentation and understand the clinical approach of some important GI conditions in ruminants:
- Mouth: Actinomycosis, Actinobacillosis
- Esophagus: Choke
- Reticulum: Traumatic Reticulo-Peritonitis, traumatic pericarditis
- Abomasum: LDA (Left Displacement of the Abomasum)
- Small intestine: hemorrhagic bowel disease
- Cecum: Dilation vs Torsion vs Volvulus (displacements)
GI clinical cases - MOUTH
clinical presentation
Enlargement of the ? (jaw)
Granulomatous abscess
* ? (chronic condition)
* ? (mandible, maxilla)
* ? (involves the bone), ?
* Ulcerated, purulent, necrotic
Disease: ?
* LUMPY JAW
GI clinical cases - MOUTH
clinical presentation
Enlargement of the BONE (jaw)
Granulomatous abscess
* PROGRESSIVE (chronic condition)
* LOCALIZED (mandible, maxilla)
* HARD (involves the bone), PAINFUL
* Ulcerated, purulent, necrotic
Disease: ACTINYMYCOSIS
* LUMPY JAW
Actinomycosis
- Gram-?, aerobic or anaerobic? bacteria
- Actinomyces bovis (a pathogen)
[know the name (exam style question: list of 5 names and recognize the name)]
- Cause: abrasion/? of the ? mucosa
Treatment
* Goal: kill the ? / stop the spread of the lesion (but the mass will never completely regress)
* ? iodine (IV)
* ? (penicillin for example)
- Prognosis: ?
by the time u treat them very hard to treat hence called “guarded”
Actinomycosis
- Gram-positive, anaerobic bacteria
- Actinomyces bovis (a pathogen)
[know the name (exam style question: list of 5 names and recognize the name)]
- Cause: abrasion/lesion of the oral mucosa
Treatment
* Goal: kill the bacteria / stop the spread of the lesion (but the mass will never completely regress)
* sodium iodine (IV)
* antibiotics (penicillin for example)
- Prognosis: guarded
by the time u treat them very hard to treat hence called “guarded”
Clinical presentation
- Very hard, swollen, painful tongue
- Inability to chew
- Hypersalivation, protruded tongue
- Abscesses in the tongue
- Enlargement of the tongue
- Disease: ?
* ? TONGUE
Clinical presentation
- Very hard, swollen, painful tongue
- Inability to chew
- Hypersalivation, protruded tongue
- Abscesses in the tongue
- Enlargement of the tongue
- Disease: ACTINOBACILLOSIS
* WOODEN TONGUE
Actinobacillosis
- Gram-? bacteria
- ? lignieresii
Treatment:
* IV ? iodine
* ? (spectrum against gram-neg)
* Surgical debulking of ?
- Prognosis: good when only the ? is involved
- Question: How would you differentiate actinomycosis from actinobacillosis?
Actinobacillosis
- Gram-negative bacteria
- Actinobacillus lignieresii
Treatment:
* IV sodium iodine
* antibiotics (spectrum against gram-neg)
* Surgical debulking of lesions
- Prognosis: good when only the tongue is involved
- Question: How would you differentiate actinomycosis from actinobacillosis?
(penicillin good for gram + bacteria)
GI clinical cases - ESOPHAGUS
Clinical presentation
* Bloat (gaseous ruminal distension)
* Hypersalivation
* Coughing / Retching
* Extended head and neck
* Protruding tongue** (but not ?)
* Distress
- Disease: ? OBSTRUCTION
* ?
fermentation causes gas -> this obstruction prevents gas from moving out so lungs can’t expand as the diaphragm gets affected due to obstruction so not able to breathe properly - so need to those quickly might die from the inability to breathe properly
GI clinical cases - ESOPHAGUS
Clinical presentation
* Bloat (gaseous ruminal distension)
* Hypersalivation
* Coughing / Retching
* Extended head and neck
* Protruding tongue** (but not ?)
* Distress
- Disease: ESOPHAGEAL OBSTRUCTION
* CHOKE
Esophageal obstruction: “choke”
Not frequent but ?-threatening
* Rumen bloat → ? distress
* Normal fermentative processes in the ?
* Gas produced in the ? cannot be expelled
Etiology
* Incomplete ? (chewing)
* Potato, apple, cabbage, beets, turnips, ears of corn
- ? body obstruction
* ?, glass, or irregular metallic objects
(fermentation causes gas -> this obstruction prevents gas from moving out so lungs can’t expand as the diaphragm gets affected due to obstruction so not able to breathe properly - so need to those quickly might die from the inability to breathe properly)
Esophageal obstruction: “choke”
Not frequent but life-threatening
* Rumen bloat → respiratory distress
* Normal fermentative processes in the rumen
* Gas produced in the rumen cannot be expelled
Etiology
* Incomplete mastication (chewing)
* Potato, apple, cabbage, beets, turnips, ears of corn
- foreign body obstruction
* plastic, glass, or irregular metallic objects
CHOKE, some therapeutic options
bc of the bloat, the animal can die from asphyxia
? plastic ?
-> Only used if bloating is ?-threatening (so last option)
notes: aspiration pneumonia - a big problem if pumping water (if doing that then put the head down)
CHOKE, some therapeutic options
bc of the bloat, the animal can die from asphyxia
corkscrew plastic trocar (into dorsal sac)
-> Only used if bloating is life-threatening (so last option)
notes: aspiration pneumonia - a big problem if pumping water (if doing that then put the head down)
Clinical presentation
- Anorexia
- Fever
- Drop in milk production
- Rumen atony and free-gas bloat (moderate distension of the left paralumbar fossa)
- Abdominal pain: ? back, spontaneous ?, ? elbows
- Disease: TRAUMATIC ?-?
* ? DISEASE
TRP, treatment: “Rumenotomy”
* Surgical procedure (“-otomy” = opening)
hand in rumen - left and find the metal and remove it from reticulum; not going DIRECTLY into reticulum as not accesible since it’s behind ribs ad intercoastal muscles, rumen isn’t, so easier to navigate after putting hands into the rumen
Clinical presentation
- Anorexia
- Fever
- Drop in milk production
- Rumen atony and free-gas bloat (moderate distension of the left paralumbar fossa)
- Abdominal pain: ? back, spontaneous ?, ? elbows
- Disease: TRAUMATIC RETICULO-PERITONITIS
* HARDWARE DISEASE
TRP, treatment: “Rumenotomy”
* Surgical procedure (“-otomy” = opening)
(hand in rumen - left and find the metal and remove it from reticulum; not going DIRECTLY into reticulum as not accesible since it’s behind ribs and intercoastal muscles, rumen isn’t, so easier to navigate after putting hands into the rumen)
so the wire sticks to it (if not then wire can harm the organs around it; given more as a curative - imp. if given as a PREVENTION instead of TREATMENT)
Clinical signs of “Congestive Heart Failure”
- Brisket edema
- Distension of the jugular veins
- Muffled heart sounds (auscultation)
- Tachycardia, Tachypnea
TRAUMATIC PERICARDITIS
* Poor prognosis – ?
- Constrictive pericarditis
- Postmortem image of the heart and pericardial sac, which has been opened (slide 20)
GI clinical cases - ABOMASUM
Clinical presentation
- “Fresh” dairy cow
- Anorexia (partial)
- Mild abdominal distension (under the last ribs)
- ? milk production
- Auscultation of a “PING” on the left side
Left displacement of the abomasum: LDA
- Blue area = “Ping” area in case of LDA
* Detected with your ?!
Surgical correction
Right flank approach
* The abomasum is ? and brought back to its anatomical location.
* Identification and exteriorization of the ? (Py)
“Omentopexy” (surgical procedure)
* “-? ” = fixation, anchoring
* ** Omentopexy ** = the omentum is attached to the abdominal (abomasum) wall
* Aim = avoid any ? of the abomasal displacement
GI clinical cases - ABOMASUM
Clinical presentation
- “Fresh” dairy cow
- Anorexia (partial)
- Mild abdominal distension (under the last ribs)
- decreased milk production
- Auscultation of a “PING” on the left side
Left displacement of the abomasum: LDA
- Blue area = “Ping” area in case of LDA
* Detected with your ?!
Surgical correction
Right flank approach
* The abomasum is deflated and brought back to its anatomical location.
* Identification and exteriorization of the pylorus (Py)
“Omentopexy” (surgical procedure)
* “-opexy ” = fixation, anchoring
* ** Omentopexy ** = the omentum is attached to the abdominal (abomasum) wall
* Aim = avoid any recurrence of the abomasal displacement
GI clinical cases – SMALL INTESTINE
Clinical presentation
* Brown Swiss Cow
* Sudden anorexia and depression
* Pronounced drop in milk production
* Colic signs (severe abdominal pain)
* Dehydration, increased heart and respiratory rates
* Pale mucous membranes
* Thick, raspberry-colored blood mixed with scant feces
- Possible diseases (two main differentials):
- ? Bowel Syndrome
- ?
GI clinical cases – SMALL INTESTINE
Clinical presentation
* Brown Swiss Cow
* Sudden anorexia and depression
* Pronounced drop in milk production
* Colic signs (severe abdominal pain)
* Dehydration, increased heart and respiratory rates
* Pale mucous membranes
* Thick, raspberry-colored blood mixed with scant feces
- Possible diseases (two main differentials):
- Hemorrhagic bowel Syndrome
- intussusception
Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome
Etiology: “multifactorial”
* ? ? type A, a normal bacteria of the
bovine digestive tract
* ? fumigatus, a common fungus in feed and forages
- Dairy cows > Beef cattle
- Obstruction of the intestine ? by blood clots
Treatment:
* ? (manual massage of the intestinal loops to dislodge blood clots)
* ? fluids, ?
- Guarded prognosis
- Prevention: Clostridium perfringens type C and D vaccine?
Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome
Etiology: “multifactorial”
** Clostridium perfringes ** type A, a normal bacteria of the
bovine digestive tract
** Aspergillus fumigatus **, a common fungus in feed and forages
- Dairy cows > Beef cattle
- Obstruction of the intestine lumen by blood clots
Treatment:
* surgery (manual massage of the intestinal loops to dislodge blood clots)
* IV fluids, antibiotics
- Guarded prognosis
- Prevention: Clostridium perfringens type C and D vaccine?
