Biological Classification🦠 Flashcards
Aristotle gave first classification on scientific
basis. What was it based on? How did he classified plants and animals?
Basis was simple morphological characters. He classified plants into trees shrubs and herbs. He classified animals into red blood red and not red blooded.
Two kingdom classification was given by Linnaeus. What was it based on? What were its faults?
It was based on gross morphology.The faults of 2 Kingdom classification was it did not distinguish between eukaryotes and prokaryotes, unicellular and multicellular, photosynthetics and non-photosynthetics.
In every classification system, which kingdoms were constant?
Plants and Animals
When criteria of classifications are changed.
What happens?
Kingdoms of organisms are changed.
5 Kingdom classification was given by R. H. Whittaker in 1969. What were the characteristics he used?
Cell Structure,Type, Wall, Body Organization, Mode of Nutrition, Nuclear Membrane, Phylogenetic Relationship, Reproduction
3-Domain System is also known as 6-Kingdom Classification. It divides Kingdom Monera into two domains, remaining Eukaryotic Kingdoms in 3rd Domain.
On what basis the kingdoms, bacteria, blue-green algae, fungi, mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms come under plant?
Cell Wall. These placed together groups which widely differed in characteristics, brought together prokaryotic bacteria and cyanobacteria with other groups which were eukaryotic. It also grouped together unicellular organisms and multicellular, for example, Chlamydomonas and Spirogyra, under algae.
The unicellular alga, Chlamydomonas, and Chlorella were placed in algae were moved to protista after correct classification
All unicellular eukaryotes were moved into protista.
Paramecium and Amoeba were having no cell wall, hence they were earlier placed in animal kingdom, but later were placed in which kingdom?
Protista
Heterotrophic fungi and autotrophic green plants were placed under plant but they had widely different characteristics in cell wall. What were those characteristics?
Fungi cell wall was made up of chitin, but green plant cell wall is made up of cellulose.
Which kingdom show most extensive metabolic diversity?
In Monera Some bacteria are autotrophic and they synthesize their own food from inorganic substrates. They may be photosynthetic autotrophic or chemosynthetic autotrophic. A vast majority are heterotrophs. They depend on dead organic matter for food or other organisms.
We already know that all prokaryotes come under Monera. But, what are the most abundant microorganisms?
Bacteria under monera
Why is it said that bacterial structure is simple, but behavior is very complex?
The statement that bacterial structure is simple while their behavior is complex refers to the relatively uncomplicated physical structure of individual bacterial cells contrasted with the intricate and diverse ways in which bacteria can interact with their environments and other organisms. Bacterial cells lack many of the membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotic cells, such as a nucleus or mitochondria, which gives them a simpler appearance under a microscope. However, the behavior of bacteria is complex because they can exhibit various strategies for survival, reproduction, and interaction with their surroundings. This complexity arises from factors like genetic diversity, rapid reproduction, adaptation to different environments, and the ability to form complex communities or biofilms. Bacteria can respond to environmental cues, exchange genetic material through horizontal gene transfer, and display a wide range of behaviors, such as chemotaxis, quorum sensing, and antibiotic resistance, making their behavior intricate despite their simple structural appearance.
Majority of bacteria show which kind of nutrition?
Majority of bacteria are heterotrophic and they depend on organism. Hence they are parasitic, either endoparasite or exoparasite. Also depend on dead organic matter for food(Majority).
Coccus is Spherical, Bacillus is Rod, Comma Shape is called Vibrium, and Spiral Shape is known as Spirillum. Basis?
Bacteria are grouped under four categories based on their SHAPE.
Archea bacteria live in some extreme habitats. Name all of them with examples.
Halophiles live in extreme salty areas, thermoacidophiles live in hot springs, and methanogens live in marshy areas.
What differs archeabacteria from other bacteria is that they survive in extreme conditions.
They have different cell wall structures.
Methanogens are present in gut of several ruminant animals such as cows and buffalo, and they are responsible for the production of?
They are responsible for the production of methane biogas from the dung of animals.
What are the characteristics of Eubacteria(True Bacteria)?
Presence of rigid cell wall and if they are motile then presence of flagellum.
What type of organism is cyanobacteria?
Cyanobacteria can be unicellular, colonial, filamentous, freshwater, marine, or terrestrial.
If cyanobacteria has chlorophyll-A, which is similar to green plants, then what is the mode of its nutrition?
Photosynthetic Autotroph
The colonies of cyanobacteria is generally surrounded by a sheath which often blooms and forms water-bodies pollution.
The sheath is mucilaginous and gelatinous.
Some cyanobacteria can fix atmospheric nitrogen in specialized cells. What are these cells called and give example of such cyanobacteria?
Heterocysts.
Such cyanobacterias are
1.)Nostoc (fig 2.2) COLONIAL and FILAMENTOUS.
2.) Anabena
Which bacteria play great role in recycling nutrients like
NITROGEN
PHOSPHOROUS
IRON
SULPHUR
Chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria OXIDIZE various INORGANIC substances such as nitrates, nitrites, and ammonia and use the release energy for ATP production.
Some bacteria are favorable for human affairs, but some are pathogens and cause damage to human beings, crops, farm animals, and pets. What are the best-known diseases from different bacteria?
Cholera, Typhoid, Tetanus, Citrus Canker.
All are not bad. Some help in Making Curd from Milk, Production of Antibiotics, and Fixing of Nitrogen in Legumes roots.
Bacteria reproduced by which methods?
Mainly by fission, but under unfavorable conditions, they produce spores. They also reproduce by sexual reproduction by primitive type of DNA transfer from one bacterium to other.
Name some characteristics of Mycoplasma?
Only bacteria I found have no cell wall💀
LACK CELL WALL, smallest living cell, can survive without oxygen, pathogenic in plants and animals.
Boundaries of which kingdom are not well defined?
Protista, Forms link with plants, animals, and fungi.
Name some important characteristics of Protista.
They are primarily aquatic, but not all. They reproduce asexually and sexually by the process involving cell fusion and zygote formation.They have membrane-bound organelles and well-defined nucleus.
Protista consists of?
•Chrysophytes contain diatoms and golden algae. GOLDEN ALGAE is also known as DESMIDS.
•Dinoflagellates
•Euglenoids
•Slime Moulds
•Protozoans
a)Amoeboids
b)Flagellated
c)Cilliated
d)Sporozoans
What are the properties of diatoms in chrysophytes?
In diatoms, cell wall is formed of two thin overlapping shells, which fit together as in a soap box. The walls are embedded with silica, and hence indestructible. Diatoms left behind large amounts of cell wall deposits in their habitat. This accumulation over billions of years is referred to diatomaceous earth.
Who are considered as chief producers in oceans?
Diatoms
