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BOTANY 🌱 GOD Level 🎚️ > Plant kingdomπŸͺ΄ > Flashcards

Plant kingdomπŸͺ΄ Flashcards

1
Q

Which kingdom does blue-green algae belong to?

A

Monera not Algae

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2
Q

What were the earliest classification systems and on what were their basis?

A

A earlier classification system was also known as ARTIFICIAL classification. It was given by LINNAEUS. It was based on gross superficial morphology, based on characters like habitat, color, leaf number, and leaf shape.

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3
Q

What were the basis of the Artificial Classification System?

A

Vegetative Character and Androecium Structure
(Imp.)

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4
Q

What were the limitations or failures of Artificial Classification?

A

It gives equal weightage to vegetative and reproductive characters, but vegetative characters are easily affected by environment.
It separated even closely related species.

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5
Q

Which classification was developed against Artificial Classification System?

A

Natural Classification Sys.

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6
Q

What was the basis of Natural Classification System?

A

Based on NATURAL AFFINITIES, it considered external and internal features.
Given by- George BENTHAM and Joseph Dalton HOOKER!

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7
Q

What features did Natural Classification System considered?

A

β€’Ultrastructure,
β€’Anatomy
β€’Embryology
β€’and Phytochemistry

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8
Q

What is Numerical Taxonomy?

A

Numerical taxonomy gives equal importance to every character. It is performed by computers. Number and codes are assigned to each character and arranged accordingly.

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9
Q

What is Basis of Numerical Taxonomy?

A

Observable Characters

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10
Q

What is Chemotaxonomy?

A

Uses chemical constituents of plants.

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11
Q

What is cytotaxonomy?

A

It is based on CYTOLOGICAL INFORMATION, considers CHROMOSOME
β€’number,
β€’structure,
β€’and behavior.

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12
Q

What is phylogenetic classification?

A

It is based on EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS between various organisms. Organisms belonging to SAME TAXA are having SAME ANCESTORS. Become important because if there is no fossil evidence found then this is applied.

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13
Q

According to earlier classifications, Plant Kingdom or Plantae consisted of which kingdoms now?

A

Monera, Protista and Fungi
Because they had Cell Wall!

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14
Q

What are the classes under Plant Kingdom?

A

1.) Algae
2.) Bryophyte
3.) Pteridophyte
4.) Gymnosperm
5.) Angiosperms

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15
Q

What are simple properties and characteristics of Algae?

A

They are THALLOID, non-differentiated, SIMPLE plants.

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16
Q

What is the mode of nutrition of algae?

A

Chlorophyll-bearing AUTOTROPHIC algae is the Basis Of Food Cycle Of Aquatic Animals. As they are photosynthetic, they increase levels of dissolved oxygen in oceans and are PRIMARY PRODUCERS of energy-rich compounds. Hence they fix half of the total carbon dioxide.

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17
Q

What are the habitats of algae?

A

Algae are marine or freshwater, hence AQUATIC. They also occur on moist stones, soil, wood, or can form associations with fungi(lichen) or animals like SLOTH BEAR.

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18
Q

How is the size and form of ALGAE highly variable?

A

Algae may be
β€’COLONIAL, e.g. Volvox
β€’FILAMENTOUS, e.g. Eulothrix and Spirogyra. Algae can form massive plant bodies, like kelps, which are 100 meters or above in height.

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19
Q

What are the modes of reproduction of algae?

A

β€’Vegetative- Fragments form Thallus
β€’Asex.- SPORES Production]-ZOOSPORES
β€’Sex- Fusion of Gametes

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of zoospores produced by algae during asexual reproduction?

A

They are FLAGELLATED, hence MOTILE, and germinate a new plant.

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21
Q

How many types of sexual reproduction are found in algae and what are their major examples?

A

β€’Isogamous may be Flagellated(ulothrix)fig.3.1(a)ii
and Non-flagellated(spirogyra), β€’Anisogamous(udorina) and β€’Oogamous(volvox fig.3.1(a)i, fucus fig.3.(b)ii)

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22
Q

Which unicellular green algae is used as food supplement of PROTEIN by space travelers?

A

Chlorella is a green algae.

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23
Q

How many species of MARINE alga is used as food with examples?

A

70 INCLUDING
β€’Porphyra(fig.3.1(c)i)
β€’Laminaria(fig.3.1(b)i)
β€’Sargassum
Freshwater algae are not used as food.

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24
Q

Production of hydrocolloids that are water-holding substances by algae to prepare ice cream and jellies or to grow microbes are performed by which algae?

A

Gelidium and Gracilaria

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25
Q

Production of hydrocolloids at COMMERCIAL level is performed by which algae?

A

Algin by BrownAlgae and Carageen by RedAlgae

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26
Q

Why are algae called non-embryophytes?

A

Algae are called non-embryophytes because they are a group of photosynthetic organisms that lack certain characteristics typical of embryophytes, which are land plants. Embryophytes, or land plants, have well-developed embryos and specialized structures for protecting and nourishing these embryos during their early development. Algae, on the other hand, do not have these features and generally have simpler reproductive structures. This distinction highlights the evolutionary differences between land plants and algae.

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27
Q

Unicellular alga are only found in which type of algae?

A

Chlorophyceae or Green Algae
(Chlorella and Chlamydomonas)

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28
Q

All algae have chlorophyll-A as their main pigment. But what are the other pigments in algae?

A

Chlorophyceae- chlorophyll b
Phaeophyceae- chlorophyll c and fucoxanthin, caretenoids and xanthophyll
Rhodophyceae- Chlorophyll d and phycoerthrin

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29
Q

What is the name of storage body of Chlorophyceae and what do they store?

A

Pyrenoids(in chloroplast) store food in form of oil droplets-STARCH and PROTEIN.
Pyrenoids may be one or more.

30
Q

What are the modes of reproduction found in Chlorophyceae?

A

Vegetative Reproduction by Fragmentation or FORMATION OF DIFFERENT SPORES
Asexual Reproduction by Flagellated Zoospores which are produced in Zoosporangia. They have 2 TO 8 EQUAL and APICAL flagellas.
Sexual Reproduction by All Types, Isogamous, Anisogamous, and Oogamous

31
Q

Which substances form cell wall of Chlorophyceae

A

Inner- Cellulose
Outer- Pectose

32
Q

What are the Shapes of Chloroplasts of Chlorophyceae?

A

Discoid, Reticulate, Spiral, Plate-like, Cup-shaped, Ribbon-like
BUT NOT BAND Shaped!

33
Q

What are some examples of Green Algae?

A

Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, Volvox, Eulothrix, Spirogyra, Chara.

34
Q

What is the primary habitat of brown algae?

A

Marine

35
Q

What is the color of brown algae?

A

Olive green to shades of brown.

36
Q

Name one filamentous brown algae and one profusely branched algae.

A

Filamentous]- Ectocarpus
Profuse Branches]- Kelps upto 100m in height.

37
Q

Which algae type show the variation in size and form very much?

A

Brown-
Filamentous
Simple
Branched

38
Q

Food is stored as what substance in brown algae.

A

COMPLEX Carbohydrates like LAMINARIN and MANNITOL.

39
Q

Cell wall of brown algae is formed of

A

Vegetative cells which have cellulosic wall. They are covered outside by gelatinous coating of algin.

40
Q

Plant body is attached to substratum by

A

Holdfast

41
Q

The stalk found on the plant body of brown algae is known as

A

Stipe

42
Q

Brown Algae has a leaf-like photosynthetic organ which contains plastids, a centrally located vacuole and nucleus, what it is called?

A

Frond

43
Q

What are the modes of reproduction of brown algae?

A

VEGETATIVE - fragmentation
ASEXUAL- biflagellate Zoopores, which are pyriform or pear-shaped. They have TWO unequal laterally attached flagella.
SEXUAL- isogamous, anisogamous and oogamous. Union of gametes in water within oogonium is oogamous.

44
Q

What are some examples of brown algae?

A

Ectocarpus, Dictyota, Laminaria, Sargassum, and Fucus.
Please check their diagrams

45
Q

which brown algae has no holdfast?

A

Dictyota

46
Q

Which Brown Algae Has No Stipe?

A

FUCUS

47
Q

Name a brown algae which is marine, edible.

A

Laminaria

48
Q

In which brown algae it’s sexually reproducing and oogamous.

A

Fucus

49
Q

What is the primary habitat of Rhodophyceae or Red Algae?

A

Marine with Greater Concentrations Found in Warmer Areas

50
Q

Which type of algae can be found at any depth of ocean?

A

Red

51
Q

Food is stored as what substance in red algae and what it is similar to?

A

Floridian starch is very similar to amylopectin and glycogen in structure.

52
Q

What are the modes of reproduction of Red algae?

A

VEGETATIVE- Fragmentation (PREFERED)
ASEXUAL- Non-Motile Spores
SEXUAL- Non-Motile Gametes (OOGAMOUS)
Have COMPLEX post fertilization developments

53
Q

Which alga only does oogamous sexual reproduction?

A

Red

54
Q

Cell wall of red algae is formed up of

A

cellulose, pectin, and polysulfate esters

55
Q

The red thalli of most of the red algae are

A

Multicellular

56
Q

What are some examples of red algae?

A

Polysiphonia, Porphyra(edible), GRACILARIA, AND GELIDIUM] These two produce Commercial Agar.
Please Study their diagrams from NCERT

57
Q

Color of the algae can be told by presence of

A

Their respective pigments

58
Q

Algae are formed in all types of waters, but they prefer which?

A

Green- No Pref.
Brown- Rarely in Freshwater
Red- Rarely in Freshwater

59
Q

Statement Questions:
Name algae, which is filamentous, has a flagellate isogamous sexually reproducing mode?

A

Ulothrix

60
Q

Name a algae which is also known as water silk, has isogamous non-flagellate mode of reproduction, and has a spiral chloroplast.

A

Spirogyra

61
Q

Name algae who is oogamous, colonial, and forms colonies. Parental colony has daughter colony inside. Both form circular nets

A

Volvox

62
Q

Which class of Plant Kingdom is known as Amphibians of Plant Kingdom?

A

Bryophyta

63
Q

What are the habitat of Bryophyte?

A

Moist and shaded areas, they prefer hills. These plants can live on soil, but are dependent on water for sexual reproduction. Prefer damp and humid localities.

64
Q

How are bryophytes different than algae?

A

They are more differentiated than algae, but still lack true roots, stems, or leaves.

65
Q

What are the characteristics of Thalli of Bryophytes?

A

Prostrate and Erect

66
Q

which structures help thallus to attach to substratum.

A

Rhizoids] Unicelluar or multicellular(Mosses)

67
Q

Which plants have important role in succession on bare rocks and soil?

A

Bryophytes

68
Q

What is the name of main plant body of Bryophyte, and what is the ploidy of it?

A

Gametophyte is a haploid and produces gametes.

69
Q

What is the name of male and female sex organs?

A

Antheridium for male and Archegonium for female. Both sex organs are MULTICELLULAR.

70
Q

Antheridium produce antherozoids, which are released into water and gets in contact with Archegonium. How many flagella are there on antherozoids?

A

2, antherozoids are biflagellate

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