Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BOTANY 🌱 GOD Level 🎚️ > Biomolecules > Flashcards

Biomolecules Flashcards

1
Q

Which is sphere consists of the living organism?

A

Biosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Despite the wide diversity found in living organisms they all are same in their?

A

Elemental composition and Chemicals found in them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How do we know that the elemental composition of all living organisms are same?

A

Elemental analysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why do we do elemental analysis?Where it is performed?

A

To know about the inorganic and organic, elements and compounds inside the plant tissue, animal tissue and microbial paste.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which type of elements and compounds are found in living organisms?

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Chlorine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What happened after scientist did elemental analysis of the earth’s crust?

A

Similar list of chemicals were found in it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

After the elemental analysis of living tissues and non living matter the similar list was obtained for the constituent chemicals but there was a difference in?

A

Relative abundance of carbon and hydrogen with respect to the other elements it was found more in living organism than earth crust.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Unit for measuring the chemical constituent’s amount inside a living tissue?

A

Content per unit mass of living tissue!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Scientist use which living tissues for elemental analysis?

A

•Piece of liver
•leaf
•vegetable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How can we find the type of organic compound in living organism?

A

Perform chemical analysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How to perform chemical analysis?

A

Grind the living tissue inside TRICHLORO ACETIC acid using mortar and pestle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What product do we obtain from the chemical analysis?

A

Thick Slurry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What to do with the thick slurry obtained from the chemical analysis?

A

Strain through CHEESE CLOTH/COTTON we obtain Two fractions!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the two fractions obtained by the chemical analysis of living tissue?

A

•Filtrate/acid soluble pool
•Retenate/acid insoluble pool

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What TYPE of Compounds are generally found in acid soluble pool?

A

•Thousands of organic compounds
•Inorganic- sulphates and phosphates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do the scientist do for the elemental analysis?

A

•Analyse living tissue sample
•identify particular organic compound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How to identify a particular organic compound from the thick slurry obtained from the chemical analysis?

A

•Use separation techniques on the extract obtained.
•Isolate each and every compound from each other
•Obtain pure compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

To find a compound MOLECULAR FORMULA or STRUCTURE we use which type of technique?

A

Analytical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are biomolecules?

A

All carbon compounds we get from living tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do the scientist new that inorganic compounds are also present in living tissues?

A

Destructive Experiment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the steps of the destructive experiment?

A

•Find Wet Weight
•Find Dry Weight
•Make Ash of the living tissue
•Analyse ash

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is wet weight?

A

Weighing a Living tissue directly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is dry weight? How to obtain it?

A

•When a living tissues get rid of all the water present in it. Weighing is done, the weight obtained is called dry weight.
•Evaporate all the water present in the wet weight of the living tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How to remove all the carbon compounds from the dry weight for the analysis of inorganic constituents present in the living tissue?

A

•FULLY BURN the living tissue when it has dry weight.
•All the carbon compounds get oxidised to gas due to this.(Biomolecules)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the products removed after the oxidation of the biomolecules present in the living tissue?

A

H2O and CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the result of fully burning the dry weight?

A

Ash

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does the ash of the living tissue contain?

A

Inorganic elements like
CALCIUM,
POTASSIUM,
SODIUM,
MAGNESIUM,
H2O,
NaCl,
CaCO3,
PO4,
SO4.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Overall the analysis of compounds give the idea of?

A

Organic and inorganic constituents in living tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the compounds seen aaise hi after the fuddu analysis? Chemistry POV

A

Aldehydes
Ketones
Aromatic compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the compounds seen after aaise hi fuddu analysis? Biological POV

A

Amino acids
Nucleotide bases
Fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the percentage weight of oxygen present in Earth’s crust versus Human body?

A

Earth’s crust - 46.6%
#Human Body - 65% (Max)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Which element is found negligible in percentage weight of earth crust versus Human body?

A

Earth’s Crust- Nitrogen
Human Body- Silicon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the percentage weight of carbon in Earth crust vs human body?

A

Earth’s crust - 0.03%
Human Body - 18.5% (2nd Highest after Oxygen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Which two elements are maximum in weight percent of earth crust?

A

Oxygen) 46.6%
Silicon) 27.7%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are amino acids? Organic or Inorganic?

A

Organic compounds containing;
•Amino group
•Acid Groups
Both as Substituents on same alpha-Carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Why alpha amino acids are referred as SUBSTITUTED METHANE?

A

For substituents groups occupied for valency positions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the four substitutent groups present in Alpha amino acids?

A

Hydrogen (-H)
Carboxyl group (-COOH)
Amino group(-NH3)
Variable group (-R)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

There are many types of amino acids, types of amino acids are based on?

A

Nature of the variable group (-R)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How many types of amino acids are there in number which occur in proteins?

A

20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Name the amino acid on the basis of variable group;
•-H
•-CH3 (methyl group)
•-CH2-OH (hydroxy methyl)

A

•Glycine
•Alanine
•Serine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

How are the physical and chemical properties of amino acids decided generally?

A

They are the chemical and physical properties of amino, carboxyl and the variable function group’s.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What decides that if a amino acid will be acidic, neutral or basic?

A

The number of amino and carboxyl groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Name a amino acid which is;
•Acidic
•Basic
•Neutral

A

Glutamic acid
Lysine
Valine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Name Aromatic amino acids?

A

Tyrosine
Phenylalanine
Tryptophane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Structure of amino acids change in solutions of different PH why?

A

Due to the ionizable nature of:
•-NH2
•-COOH groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

When both positive and negative charge are present separately on an amino acid the ionic form is called?

A

Zwitterionic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are lipids? Please Check Diagram 9.1

A

•Simple fatty acids(generally)
•Glycerol/Trihydroxypropane
OHCH2-CHOH-CH2OH
•Glycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Why Lipids are under acid insoluble fraction or retentate?

A

They form Vesicles which are not water soluble.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What are simple fatty acids?

A

Carboxyl group attached to -R.
Here R can be CH3, C2H5 or RANGE FROM (1-19 CARBONS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

How many types of simple fatty acids are there?

A

Based on the no. of bonds between atoms they may be:
•Saturated - Single bonded C-C atoms
•Unsaturated - Double/Triple bonded Carbon atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What are Glycerides?

A

When Simple Fatty acids and Glycerol get ESTERIFIED together.

52
Q

How many types can be glycerides be divided?

A

•Mono
•Di
•Tri

53
Q

Name of the simple Fatty acids based on the no. of carbon atoms present in them? Including carbon from carboxyl
1.) 16
2.) 20

A

1.) Palmitic Acid CH3-(CH2)14-COOH
2.) Arachidonic Acid

54
Q

On the basis of MELTING POINTS lipids are divided into:

A

•Fats
•Oils

55
Q

What are oils? What happens to them in winter season? Example?

A

•Have Low MP
•Remain oil in winter
•Gingelly Oil

56
Q

What are phospholipids? Where are they found? Examples?

A

•Lipids having phosphorus and a phosphorylated organic compound in them.
•in Cell membrane
•Lecithin (Please check formula in Fig.9.1 imp.)

57
Q

Which tissues of animals have Lipids with COMPLEX STRUCTURES?

A

Neural Tissues

58
Q

What is molecular weight of Lipid? Is it small or more than other organic compounds?

A

Max. 800 Da(Daltons) which is a small molecular weight.
Molecular weight is measured in Daltons.

59
Q

Are Lipids macromolecules cause they come under acid insoluble fraction?

A

Not strictly Macromolecules

60
Q

What is considered most exciting aspect of Chemistry?

A

•Isolating
•Determining STRUCTURE
•Synthesizing small and big compounds

61
Q

What is considered most exciting aspect of Chemistry?

A

•Isolating
•Determining STRUCTURE
•Synthesizing small and big compounds

62
Q

What are Primary Metabolites?

A

All Categories of Compounds common in all animals, plants, fungus and microbes.

63
Q

What are secondary metabolites?

A

Categories of compounds found exclusively in all organisms (plants, fungus, microbes) except animals.

64
Q

What are some examples of secondary metabolites?

A

•Alkaloids
•Flavonoids
•Rubber
•Essential Oils example- (Lemon Grass)
•Antibiotics
•Coloured Pigments
•Scents
•Gums
•Spices

65
Q

Name some examples of Alkaloids?

A

Morphine
Codeine

66
Q

Name some examples of drugs which are secondary metabolites?

A

Vinblastin
Curcumin

67
Q

Name some examples of pigments that are secondary metabolites?

A

Carotenoids
Anthocyanins

68
Q

Name some toxins that are secondary metabolites?

A

Abrin
Ricin

69
Q

Name some Terpenoids that are secondary metabolites?

A

Mono and Di terpenes

70
Q

Name a Lectin that is secondary metabolite?

A

Concanavalin A

71
Q

Name polymeric substances that are secondary metabolites?

A

•Rubber
•Gums
•Cellulose

72
Q

How are secondary metabolites different from primary?

A

1.) ROLE
2.) FUNCTIONS
in host organism is not known about secondary metabolites. Wheras there is IDENTIFIABLE function of a primary metabolite.

73
Q

In what ways secondary metabolites are useful?

A

•Ecological importance
•Useful for human welfare

74
Q

What is the main role of primary metabolite?

A

Role is normal physiological processes.

75
Q

Biomolecules are of how many types on the basis of MOLECULAR weights?

A

•Macro
•Micro

76
Q

What are micromolecules?

A

Molecules less than 1000 Da in molecular weights.

77
Q

What is the range of molecular weights is acid soluble pool?

A

18-800 Da

78
Q

What is the range of molecular weights of acid insoluble fraction?

A

In range of 10000 and above.

79
Q

Acid insoluble has only these types of organic compounds… Name them?

A

•Nucleic acid
•Proteins
•Polysaccharides
•Lipids

80
Q

What’s common between the Organic compounds of acid insoluble fraction but not in lipid?

A

They all are POLYMERIC,
but lipid is not. It’s present as such.
Or arranged in Cell Membrane or other membranes.

81
Q

All acid insoluble fraction are Macromolecules except?

A

Lipid

82
Q

What portion of cell does acid soluble pool represent?

A

Cytoplasmic composition

83
Q

What part of cell does represent acid insoluble fraction?

A

Organelles and
Cell Macromolecules

84
Q

What do the Macromolecules and acid soluble pool represent?

A

Living Tissues or Organisms

85
Q

In abundance POV the most abundant chemical in living organism is? In what percentage?

A

H2O/Water 70-90% of total cellular mass.

86
Q

Write the order of abundance of % of total cellular mass!

A

Water>Proteins>Nucleic Acid>Carbohydrates>Lipids>Ions

87
Q

Protein?

A

•Heteropolymer of amino acids

88
Q

What is the other name of protein? Why they are called so?

A

Polypeptides
Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds.

89
Q

In which fashion amino acids are linked to each other in protein heteropolymer?

A

Linear STRINGS

90
Q

What are dietary proteins?

A

Source of essential amino acids. Certain amino acids for health have to be supplied through diet.

91
Q

What are non essential amino acids?

A

Which our body can make while we get essentials from our diet.

92
Q

What functions do proteins carry in living organisms? With examples

A

1.) Transport of nutrients across cell membrane.
2.) Some Fight infectious organisms ex- Antibody
3.) Some are hormones ex- Insulin
4.) Some are enzymes ex- Trypsin

93
Q

What is GLUT 4? what is its function?

A

It’s a protein.
Enables glucose transport into the cell

94
Q

Which protein helps in sensory receptions like;
Smell, taste, hormones

A

Receptors

95
Q

Which is the most abundant protein in ANIMAL world? What is its function?

A

Collagen
Intercellular ground substance

96
Q

Most abundant protein in whole biosphere?

A

RuBisCO
Ribulose bisphosphate Carboxylase-Oxygenase

97
Q

What is homopolymer?

A

One type of monomer repeating “n” no. of times

98
Q

What are cysteine and proline?

A

Amino acids

99
Q

If we refer the word STRUCTURE, what would a
•Inorganic Chemist
•Organic Chemist
• Physicist
•Biologist
Do to find the structure?

A

•Inorganic chemist would look for molecular formula.
•Organic Chemist would represent structure in 2-D view format.
•Physicist would go for 3-D molecular Structure.
•Biologist would find different levels of structure.

100
Q

Primary Structure of Protein? What info. does it provide about protein?

A

Positional information of sequence of amino acids in protein.

101
Q

What is the format of Primary Structure of protein?

A

•Left end or N- Terminal) 1st amino acid.
It’s assumed that they are in line and protein thread is extended rigid rod.
•Right end or C-Terminal) Last amino acid.

102
Q

What is Secondary structure of Protein?

A

A protein thread does not exist throughout as extended rigid rod. Region where protein thread is folded into other forms.
Thread is folded in form of a HELIX(only some portions has this arrangement).

103
Q

What type of Helices are observed in secondary structure of Protein?

A

Right Handed.

104
Q

Examples of secondary structure of protein?

A

•Alpha HELIX
•Beta-Plated Sheet

105
Q

Define tertiary structure of Protein?

A

Long protein chain folded like hollow wollen ball with hydrogen disulfide bond.

106
Q

Why does protein form quaternary structure?

A

Necessary for biological activities of proteins.

107
Q

What forms architecture of quaternary protein?

A

The manner of arrangement of FOLDED polypeptides or sub units WITH EACH OTHER forms the architecture of quaternary protein.

108
Q

What does the architecture of quarterly protein tells us about the number of polypeptides?

A

It is that more than one polypeptide or subunits are present in quaternary protein structure.

109
Q

Give some examples of types of quarternary protein structures?

A

•Linear strings of a sphere
•Spheres arranged upon each other in form of;
1.) Cube
2.) Plate

110
Q

How many sub units are present in adult human haemoglobin?

A

4 subunits together

111
Q

Explain the alpha and beta arrangement of sub units of adult human haemoglobin?

A

•The two sub units that are identical with respect to each other) alpha.
•The two sub units that are identical with respect to each other) beta.

112
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Thread like long chains of sugar.

113
Q

Who are considered as building blocks and monomer of polysaccharides?

A

Many monosaccharides form polysaccharides.

114
Q

What are some examples of polysaccharides?

A

•Carbohydrates
•Cellulose
•Starch
•Glycogen
•Inulin
•Chitin etc.

115
Q

Polysaccharides are micro or macromolecules? Why?

A

Polysaccharides are found in acid insoluble pellet and hence macromolecule

116
Q

What kind of polymer is cellulose?

A

It’s a homopolymer

117
Q

As cellulose is a homo polymer made up of only one type of monosaccharide, what is the name of the monosaccharide of cellulose?

A

Glucose

118
Q

Why does the starch containing I2 molecule gives blue colour but cellulose can’t give blue colour?

A

Not contain complex Helices that can hold I2.

119
Q

Where are cellulose found and what they make up?

A

•Plant cell wall
•Paper made from plant
•Cotton fibre

120
Q

Starch is a variant of?

A

Cellulose

121
Q

Which polysaccharide is called the storehouse of energy in plant tissue?

A

Starch

122
Q

How does the starch give blue colour when I2 molecules are added?

A

Has helical secondary structure to hold molecules. There together appear blue in colour.

123
Q

What is the animal variant of polysaccharide?

A

Glycogen

124
Q

What’s special about glycogen?

A

It has branches
Please check the structure Fig.9.2

125
Q

What is the special name given to the ends of glycogen?

A

•Right end) Reducing end
•Left end) Non reducing end

126
Q

What is the name of the polymer of fructose?

A

Inulin

BOTANY 🌱 GOD Level 🎚️ (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions