Cell Flashcards
Surrounding is composed of?
Living and non living (inanimate) things.
What is the difference between living and non living things?
Living have cells present
Which living organisms consist cell?
All
What is cell?
Basic
Fundamental
Structural
Functional
Unit of all organisms.
What is unicellular and multicellular?
•Organisms having single cell) unicellular
•Organisms having many cells) multicellular
What are the things that a unicellular organism is capable of?
•Independent existence
•Perform essential life functions
What is the least requirement for an organism to live independently?
Anything less than a cell does not ensure independent living. Cell is the answer.
Why cell is the fundamental, structural and functional unit of all living organisms?
Because anything less than a cell does not ensure independent living. (A-R)
Who was the first person to SEE and DESCRIBE LIVING cell?
Anton Von Leeuwenhoek
Who discovered and described nucleus AFTER the discovery of live cell and when?
Robert Brown(1831)
Invention of which device and improvement in it revealed the STRUCTURAL details of the cell?
Microscope and electron microscope.
What was the name of the GERMAN BOTANIST who contributed in the cell theory?
Matthias Scleiden
What did Matthias Scleiden do and when?
In 1838,
EXAMINED Plants
What did Matthias Scleiden OBSERVED?
COMPOSITION of Plants
Plant is composed of:
•D/F kinds of cell
•Form tissue of plants.
What is the name of the British zoologist that contributed in the cell theory?
Theodore Schwann
What did Thedore Schwann studied and when?
1839,
Studied:
•D/F types of animal CELLS
•Plant TISSUES
Who reported about:
•THIN
•OUTER
•LAYER of cell
Thedore Schwann
Later was called Plasma(cell) membrane
What was conclusion of Thedore Schwann when he studied Plant tissues? What was the Unique character he was takin’ bout?
Presence of cell wall is unique character of plant cells.
Who proposed cell hypothesis?
Thedore Schwann (alone).
Cell Hypothesis?
Tells about COMPOSITION of Two Kingdoms of Living Organisms:
Bodies of:
•Plants
•Animals are composed of
1.) Cells
2.) Products of Cells
Note: He didn’t considered other kingdoms and their living organisms.
Which two scientists together formulated first cell theory?
•Schleiden
•Schwann
What was the fault of first cell theory?
Not explained how new cells were formed.
Who gave the final shape to cell theory, eliminated the fault and when?
Rudolph Virchow in 1855
What explanation did Rudolph Virchow gave addressing the fault of cell theory?
Omnis cellula-e cellular
Cells divide and new cells are formed. ##Gave idea of Cell Division##
After modification of Hypothesis, Final shape of Cell theory was?
•ALL LIVING organisms (Thedore and Schwann but only considered about Plants and Animal cells) are composed of Cells and products of cell.
•All cell arise from pre-existing cells.
On which cells we had performed experiments in younger classes? What did we studied?
Plant cell onion peel
Animal human cheek cell
We observed their structures and differences.
What is the delimiting Structure of Plant cell and animal cell?
1.) Plant cell;
Outer cell wall
Inner cell membrane
2.) Animal cell;
Outer cell membrane
Which structure is found in EACH cell?
Nucleus is found INSIDE each cell.
A cell which has a membrane bound nucleus is called? And which lacks membrane bound nucleus?
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes respectively
What does a nucleus contain?
Chromosome
What does a chromosome contain?
Genetic material (DNA)
Which type of structure is nucleus defined in NCERT?
Dense
What is cytoplasm and in which cells it is found?
Semi-fluid(quasi) matrix
Found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
What is the location of cytoplasm in cell?
It occupies the whole volume of cell.
Cytoplasm is main arena of?
Various chemical activities in animal and plant cells. (NCERT not mentions here about prokaryotes or other kingdoms).
What is the reason behind happening of this various chemical activities in cytoplasm?
To keep the cell in living state
What are the things that differentiate between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
Membrane bound organelles.
Eukaryotes have membrane bond organelles whether as prokaryotes lack.
What are organelles?
Distinct structures
Which organelle is found in both eukaryotes and prokaryote? Mtlb ALL cells
Ribosomes
What is the special thing about ribosomes?
They are non membrane bond organlle, but still found in eukaryotes.
What locations are ribosomes found?
In:
•cytoplasm
•inside TWO cell organelles;
1.) Chloroplast (in plants)
2.) Mitochondria
3.) Rough endoplasmic reticulum
And also in association with plasma membrane
What is the name of the organelle other than ribosome that is found in eukaryotic ANIMAL cells and does NOt have MEMBRANE?
Centromere.
What is the role of centromere in animal cell?
Help in
Cell division
Cells differ in?
•Sizes
•Shapes
•Activities
Largest isolated single cell?
Egg of ostrich
What is the length of bacteria?
3-5 micrometer
Who are the smallest cells and what is their length?
Mycoplasma
0.3 micrometer in length
Among multicellular organisms the longest cell is? And what is its shape?
Nerve cells
Shape;
•Branched
•Long
What is the diameter of human red blood cells? What is their shape?
Diameter is 7 micrometre
Radius is 3.5 micrometer
Shape is;
•Round
•Biconcave
What is this shape of mesophyll cells?
•Round
•Oval
What is the shape of a tracheid?
Elongated
What is shape of WBCs?
Amoeboid
What is shape of Columnar epithelial cells?
•Long
•Narrow
The shape of cell may vary, why? What are some shapes cell may acquire?
With the function they perform.
•Disk like
•polygonal
•columnar
•cuboid
•thread like
•Irregular
Which organisms represent prokaryotes?
•Bacteria
•Cyanobacteria (blue green algae)
•Mycoplasma
•Pleuro pneumonia like organisms (PPLO)
Which cells multiply more rapidly eukaryotic or prokaryotic?
Prokaryotic cells
Which cells are generally smaller eukaryotic or prokaryotic?
Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller
Prokaryotics vary greatly in?
•Shape
•Size
•Functions
What are the four different types of shapes of bacteria?
•Bacillus (rod)
•Coccus(spherical)
•Vibrio (comma)
•Spirilum (spiral)
Despite variation in size, shape and functions prokaryotes have one thing in common, what is it?
The FUNDAMENTAL ORGANISATION of prokaryotes is same.
Which prokaryotes have cell wall?
All except mycoplasma
What is the nature of the matrix cytoplasm in prokaryotes?
Fluid (not semi-fluid)
Cell membrane of prokaryotic is surrounded by?
Cell Wall
Why is it said that genetic material of prokaryotes is naked?
Genetic Material is NOT enveloped by nuclear membrane
What is the boundary of nucleus if its not enveloped by nuclear membrane in prokaryotes?
There is no well defined nucleus in prokaryotes.
What is the genetic material which is naked in bacteria?
Genomic DNA
What is genomic DNA?
Single chromosome
What is the shape of genomic DNA?
Circular
What is plasmid DNA?
DNA OUTSIDE genomic DNA.
What’s difference between genomic DNA and plasmid DNA?
Genomic DNA is found in all bacteria but plasmid DNA is found in many but not in all.
What is the shape of plasmid DNA?
Small and circular
What does the plasmid DNA confer to bacteria?
Unique phenotypic character
Name a phenotypic character which is conferred by plasmid DNA to bacteria?
Resistance to antibiotics
How is plasmid DNA used by biotechnologist?
It is used to MONITOR bacterial TRANSFORMATION with foreign DNA.
What organelle is common between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
Only ribosome is common between eukaryotes and prokaryote. No eukaryotic organelles except ribosome is found in prokaryotes.
What is characteristic property of prokaryotes?
Presence of mesosome
What is mesosome? Write the keywords.
•Unique form of inclusion (infolding) of cell membrane.
•It is
1.) SPECIALISED and
2.) DIFFERENTIATED Form Of Cell Membrane.
Bacterial cells have___________cell envelope?
Chemically complex
Chemically complex cell envelope is found in MOST of the prokaryotes (not all) but which organism in prokaryotes have PARTICULARLY chemically complex cell envelope?
Bacterial Cells
What does the cell envelope of bacteria consist?
•Glycocalyx(outer)
•Cell wall
•Plasma Membrane
How is the bond between the THREE LAYERED structure of cell envelope of bacteria?
They are very TIGHTLY bound
How were the three layered structure of bacterial cell envelope different in functions but also act together?
•Each layer has DISTINCT FUNCTION
•But they still act together as a SINGLE PROTECTIVE UNIT.
What is the other classification of bacteria rather than shape?
Bacteria is classified into two groups on basis of differences in
•cell envelopes and
•manner in which the respond to staining procedure.
Staining procedure of cell envelope of bacteria is developed by?
Gram Viz.,
What is difference between gram positive and gram negative bacteria?
Those that take up gram stain are gram positive and others that do not our gram negative.
How is glycocalyx different among different bacterias?
Differ in;
•composition
•thickness
How many types of glycocalyx can be found in bacteria?
•Slime layer
•Capsule
What is the nature of slime layer glycocalyx?
•Loose
•Sheath like
What is the nature of capsule glycocalyx?
•Thick
•Tough
Which structure determines the shape of bacterial cell?
Cell wall
What is the function of cell wall in bacterial cell?
Provide STRONG STRUCTURAL SUPPORT.
Why it becomes necessary to provide bacteria strong structural support?
To prevent bacterium from;
•Bursting
•Collapsing