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BOTANY 🌱 GOD Level 🎚️ > Cell > Flashcards

Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Surrounding is composed of?

A

Living and non living (inanimate) things.

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2
Q

What is the difference between living and non living things?

A

Living have cells present

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3
Q

Which living organisms consist cell?

A

All

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4
Q

What is cell?

A

Basic
Fundamental
Structural
Functional
Unit of all organisms.

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5
Q

What is unicellular and multicellular?

A

•Organisms having single cell) unicellular
•Organisms having many cells) multicellular

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6
Q

What are the things that a unicellular organism is capable of?

A

•Independent existence
•Perform essential life functions

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7
Q

What is the least requirement for an organism to live independently?

A

Anything less than a cell does not ensure independent living. Cell is the answer.

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8
Q

Why cell is the fundamental, structural and functional unit of all living organisms?

A

Because anything less than a cell does not ensure independent living. (A-R)

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9
Q

Who was the first person to SEE and DESCRIBE LIVING cell?

A

Anton Von Leeuwenhoek

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10
Q

Who discovered and described nucleus AFTER the discovery of live cell and when?

A

Robert Brown(1831)

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11
Q

Invention of which device and improvement in it revealed the STRUCTURAL details of the cell?

A

Microscope and electron microscope.

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12
Q

What was the name of the GERMAN BOTANIST who contributed in the cell theory?

A

Matthias Scleiden

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13
Q

What did Matthias Scleiden do and when?

A

In 1838,
EXAMINED Plants

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14
Q

What did Matthias Scleiden OBSERVED?

A

COMPOSITION of Plants
Plant is composed of:
•D/F kinds of cell
•Form tissue of plants.

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15
Q

What is the name of the British zoologist that contributed in the cell theory?

A

Theodore Schwann

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16
Q

What did Thedore Schwann studied and when?

A

1839,
Studied:
•D/F types of animal CELLS
•Plant TISSUES

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17
Q

Who reported about:
•THIN
•OUTER
•LAYER of cell

A

Thedore Schwann
Later was called Plasma(cell) membrane

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18
Q

What was conclusion of Thedore Schwann when he studied Plant tissues? What was the Unique character he was takin’ bout?

A

Presence of cell wall is unique character of plant cells.

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19
Q

Who proposed cell hypothesis?

A

Thedore Schwann (alone).

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20
Q

Cell Hypothesis?

A

Tells about COMPOSITION of Two Kingdoms of Living Organisms:
Bodies of:
•Plants
•Animals are composed of
1.) Cells
2.) Products of Cells
Note: He didn’t considered other kingdoms and their living organisms.

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21
Q

Which two scientists together formulated first cell theory?

A

•Schleiden
•Schwann

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22
Q

What was the fault of first cell theory?

A

Not explained how new cells were formed.

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23
Q

Who gave the final shape to cell theory, eliminated the fault and when?

A

Rudolph Virchow in 1855

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24
Q

What explanation did Rudolph Virchow gave addressing the fault of cell theory?

A

Omnis cellula-e cellular
Cells divide and new cells are formed. ##Gave idea of Cell Division##

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25
Q

After modification of Hypothesis, Final shape of Cell theory was?

A

•ALL LIVING organisms (Thedore and Schwann but only considered about Plants and Animal cells) are composed of Cells and products of cell.
•All cell arise from pre-existing cells.

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26
Q

On which cells we had performed experiments in younger classes? What did we studied?

A

Plant cell onion peel
Animal human cheek cell
We observed their structures and differences.

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27
Q

What is the delimiting Structure of Plant cell and animal cell?

A

1.) Plant cell;
Outer cell wall
Inner cell membrane
2.) Animal cell;
Outer cell membrane

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28
Q

Which structure is found in EACH cell?

A

Nucleus is found INSIDE each cell.

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29
Q

A cell which has a membrane bound nucleus is called? And which lacks membrane bound nucleus?

A

Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes respectively

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30
Q

What does a nucleus contain?

A

Chromosome

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31
Q

What does a chromosome contain?

A

Genetic material (DNA)

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32
Q

Which type of structure is nucleus defined in NCERT?

A

Dense

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33
Q

What is cytoplasm and in which cells it is found?

A

Semi-fluid(quasi) matrix
Found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic.

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34
Q

What is the location of cytoplasm in cell?

A

It occupies the whole volume of cell.

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35
Q

Cytoplasm is main arena of?

A

Various chemical activities in animal and plant cells. (NCERT not mentions here about prokaryotes or other kingdoms).

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36
Q

What is the reason behind happening of this various chemical activities in cytoplasm?

A

To keep the cell in living state

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37
Q

What are the things that differentiate between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

Membrane bound organelles.
Eukaryotes have membrane bond organelles whether as prokaryotes lack.

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38
Q

What are organelles?

A

Distinct structures

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39
Q

Which organelle is found in both eukaryotes and prokaryote? Mtlb ALL cells

A

Ribosomes

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40
Q

What is the special thing about ribosomes?

A

They are non membrane bond organlle, but still found in eukaryotes.

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41
Q

What locations are ribosomes found?

A

In:
•cytoplasm
•inside TWO cell organelles;
1.) Chloroplast (in plants)
2.) Mitochondria
3.) Rough endoplasmic reticulum
And also in association with plasma membrane

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42
Q

What is the name of the organelle other than ribosome that is found in eukaryotic ANIMAL cells and does NOt have MEMBRANE?

A

Centromere.

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43
Q

What is the role of centromere in animal cell?

A

Help in
Cell division

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44
Q

Cells differ in?

A

•Sizes
•Shapes
•Activities

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45
Q

Largest isolated single cell?

A

Egg of ostrich

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46
Q

What is the length of bacteria?

A

3-5 micrometer

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47
Q

Who are the smallest cells and what is their length?

A

Mycoplasma
0.3 micrometer in length

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48
Q

Among multicellular organisms the longest cell is? And what is its shape?

A

Nerve cells
Shape;
•Branched
•Long

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49
Q

What is the diameter of human red blood cells? What is their shape?

A

Diameter is 7 micrometre
Radius is 3.5 micrometer
Shape is;
•Round
•Biconcave

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50
Q

What is this shape of mesophyll cells?

A

•Round
•Oval

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51
Q

What is the shape of a tracheid?

A

Elongated

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52
Q

What is shape of WBCs?

A

Amoeboid

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53
Q

What is shape of Columnar epithelial cells?

A

•Long
•Narrow

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54
Q

The shape of cell may vary, why? What are some shapes cell may acquire?

A

With the function they perform.
•Disk like
•polygonal
•columnar
•cuboid
•thread like
•Irregular

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55
Q

Which organisms represent prokaryotes?

A

•Bacteria
•Cyanobacteria (blue green algae)
•Mycoplasma
•Pleuro pneumonia like organisms (PPLO)

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56
Q

Which cells multiply more rapidly eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

A

Prokaryotic cells

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57
Q

Which cells are generally smaller eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

A

Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller

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58
Q

Prokaryotics vary greatly in?

A

•Shape
•Size
•Functions

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59
Q

What are the four different types of shapes of bacteria?

A

•Bacillus (rod)
•Coccus(spherical)
•Vibrio (comma)
•Spirilum (spiral)

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60
Q

Despite variation in size, shape and functions prokaryotes have one thing in common, what is it?

A

The FUNDAMENTAL ORGANISATION of prokaryotes is same.

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61
Q

Which prokaryotes have cell wall?

A

All except mycoplasma

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62
Q

What is the nature of the matrix cytoplasm in prokaryotes?

A

Fluid (not semi-fluid)

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63
Q

Cell membrane of prokaryotic is surrounded by?

A

Cell Wall

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64
Q

Why is it said that genetic material of prokaryotes is naked?

A

Genetic Material is NOT enveloped by nuclear membrane

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65
Q

What is the boundary of nucleus if its not enveloped by nuclear membrane in prokaryotes?

A

There is no well defined nucleus in prokaryotes.

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66
Q

What is the genetic material which is naked in bacteria?

A

Genomic DNA

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67
Q

What is genomic DNA?

A

Single chromosome

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68
Q

What is the shape of genomic DNA?

A

Circular

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69
Q

What is plasmid DNA?

A

DNA OUTSIDE genomic DNA.

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70
Q

What’s difference between genomic DNA and plasmid DNA?

A

Genomic DNA is found in all bacteria but plasmid DNA is found in many but not in all.

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71
Q

What is the shape of plasmid DNA?

A

Small and circular

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72
Q

What does the plasmid DNA confer to bacteria?

A

Unique phenotypic character

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73
Q

Name a phenotypic character which is conferred by plasmid DNA to bacteria?

A

Resistance to antibiotics

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74
Q

How is plasmid DNA used by biotechnologist?

A

It is used to MONITOR bacterial TRANSFORMATION with foreign DNA.

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75
Q

What organelle is common between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

Only ribosome is common between eukaryotes and prokaryote. No eukaryotic organelles except ribosome is found in prokaryotes.

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76
Q

What is characteristic property of prokaryotes?

A

Presence of mesosome

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77
Q

What is mesosome? Write the keywords.

A

•Unique form of inclusion (infolding) of cell membrane.
•It is
1.) SPECIALISED and
2.) DIFFERENTIATED Form Of Cell Membrane.

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78
Q

Bacterial cells have___________cell envelope?

A

Chemically complex

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79
Q

Chemically complex cell envelope is found in MOST of the prokaryotes (not all) but which organism in prokaryotes have PARTICULARLY chemically complex cell envelope?

A

Bacterial Cells

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80
Q

What does the cell envelope of bacteria consist?

A

•Glycocalyx(outer)
•Cell wall
•Plasma Membrane

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81
Q

How is the bond between the THREE LAYERED structure of cell envelope of bacteria?

A

They are very TIGHTLY bound

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82
Q

How were the three layered structure of bacterial cell envelope different in functions but also act together?

A

•Each layer has DISTINCT FUNCTION
•But they still act together as a SINGLE PROTECTIVE UNIT.

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83
Q

What is the other classification of bacteria rather than shape?

A

Bacteria is classified into two groups on basis of differences in
•cell envelopes and
•manner in which the respond to staining procedure.

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84
Q

Staining procedure of cell envelope of bacteria is developed by?

A

Gram Viz.,

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85
Q

What is difference between gram positive and gram negative bacteria?

A

Those that take up gram stain are gram positive and others that do not our gram negative.

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86
Q

How is glycocalyx different among different bacterias?

A

Differ in;
•composition
•thickness

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87
Q

How many types of glycocalyx can be found in bacteria?

A

•Slime layer
•Capsule

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88
Q

What is the nature of slime layer glycocalyx?

A

•Loose
•Sheath like

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89
Q

What is the nature of capsule glycocalyx?

A

•Thick
•Tough

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90
Q

Which structure determines the shape of bacterial cell?

A

Cell wall

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91
Q

What is the function of cell wall in bacterial cell?

A

Provide STRONG STRUCTURAL SUPPORT.

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92
Q

Why it becomes necessary to provide bacteria strong structural support?

A

To prevent bacterium from;
•Bursting
•Collapsing

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93
Q

Which structure interacts with the outside world in case of bacterial cell?

A

Plasma membrane. (Even if glycocalyx and cell wall lie outer to the plasma membrane they do not interact with outside world)!

94
Q

Structure is similar to that of eukaryotes and in bacteria envelope?

A

Plasma membrane

95
Q

How is plasma membrane able to interact with outside world?

A

Selectively permeable in nature to some molecules present on either side of it.

96
Q

How is mesosome formed?

A

Extensions of plasma membrane INTO cell.

97
Q

What structures does a mesosome form?

A

•Vesicles
•Tubules
•Lamellae

98
Q

How does the mesosome help plasma membrane?

A

Increase surface area of plasma membrane

99
Q

Which structure in prokaryotes help in cell wall formation?

A

Mesosomes

100
Q

Which structure in prokaryotes help in •DNA replication and its
•distribution to daughter cells?

A

Mesosome

101
Q

Which structure in prokaryotes increase enzymatic content of cell?

A

Mesosome

102
Q

Which structures help the prokaryotic cell to respire?

A

Mesosome

103
Q

Which special membranous structure help in secretion process of prokaryotic cell?

A

Mesosome

104
Q

Special Card: Functions of mesosome!
(In Prokaryotes, kyuki only found in them)

A

•Help in cell wall formation
•Help DNA replication
•Help in distribution of DNA to daughter cells
•Help in respiration
•Help in secretion process
•Increase the surface area of plasma membrane
•Increase the enzymatic content of cell

105
Q

Bacterial cell are;
(a) Motile
(b) Non Motile
(c) Both
(d) Suck my **

A

(c)

106
Q

What is flagella?

A

•Thin
•Filamentous
•Extensions FROM CELL WALL

107
Q

Flagella is only found in______bacteria?

A

Motile

108
Q

Flagellum is composed of?

A

Three parts;
1.) Filament
2.) Hook
3.) Basal body

109
Q

Which is the longest portion of flagellum?

A

Filament

110
Q

Filament extends from?

A

Cell SURFACE to Outside
(Filament Cell ke surface se shuru hota hai)

111
Q

Bacterium show range in______and _______of flagella?

A

•Number
•Arrangement

112
Q

What are the surface structures of bacteria beside flagella that do not play role in motility?

A

•Pilli
•Fimbrie

113
Q

What are pilli in bacteria?

A

•Elongated
•Tubular structure

114
Q

Pilli is made up of?

A

Special Protein
(Protenicioous structure)

115
Q

Fimbriae in bacteria?

A

•Small
•Bristle like
•Fibres

116
Q

Where is fimbriae in bacterial cell?

A

They SPROUT out of cell

117
Q

What is the function of fimbriae in bacteria?

A

Only found in some bacterias.
Help bacteria to attach to rocks in streams or attached to the host tissues.

118
Q

Where are ribosomes present in prokaryotes?

A

Association with plasma membrane

119
Q

Which organelle is called the site of protein synthesis?

A

Ribosomes

120
Q

What is this size of ribosome?

A

15-20 nm

121
Q

What are the two sub units of prokaryotic ribosome and are together present as?

A

50s and 30s
Together present as 70s

122
Q

Translation process?

A

Translation is a process in which there is formation of protein.

123
Q

What is poly ribosomes or polysomes?

A

Ribosomes attached to
•SINGLE
•mRNA
Form CHAIN and translate mRNA into protein

124
Q

Reserve material in prokaryotic cell is stored in?

A

Cytoplasm

125
Q

Reserve material in prokaryotic cell is stored in cytoplasm in which form?

A

Inclusion bodies

126
Q

What’s special about inclusion bodies?

A

They are not bound by any membraneous system.

127
Q

What is the location of inclusion bodies?

A

Lie freely in cytoplasm as they are not bounded by any membraneous system.

128
Q

What are some examples of inclusion bodies?

A

GRANULES;

•Phosphate
•Cyanophycean
•Glycogen
#GAS VACUOLES in:
Photosynthetic bacteria
1.) Green
2.) Blue green
3.) Purple (⭐⭐⭐) Even appears purple but still can do photosynthesis!

129
Q

Eukaryotic cells are found in?

A

All kingdoms except Monera

130
Q

What does the presence of membrane bound organelles in eukaryotes does to the cytoplasm?

A

EXTENSIVE COMPARTMENTALISATION.
Extensive means covering a large area.

131
Q

How is eukaryotic cell organised relating to its genetic material?

A

Eukaryotes have organised nucleus with nuclear envelope and genetic material is organised into chromosomes.

132
Q

Eukaryotes posses COMPLEX_________ and____________structures?

A

•Locomotory
•Cytoskeletal

133
Q

Why is it said that all eukaryotic cells are not identical?

A

Plants and animal cells are different

134
Q

What are the things that plant cell has but animal cells lack?

A

•Cell wall
•Plastids
•LARGE/CENTRAL Vacuoles

135
Q

Is present in animal cell that plant cell lacks?

A

Centriole is absent in ALMOST all of the plant cells.

136
Q

When was electron microscope invented and what did it helped in?

A

1950
Help in detailed structure of plasma membrane study.

137
Q

What type of studies were done to deduce the possible structure of plasma membrane?

A

CHEMICAL studies

138
Q

Chemical studies on which cell was done to deduce the structure of plasma membrane?

A

HUMAN red blood cells (RBCs)

139
Q

Plasma Membrane is composed of?

A

•Lipids
•Proteins
•Cholesterol
•Carbohydrates
Mainly of lipids and proteins

140
Q

The majority of lipids were?

A

Phospholipids

141
Q

Phospholipids were arranged in?

A

Bilayer

142
Q

The lipid component of membrane mainly consist?

A

Phosphoglycerides

143
Q

Describe the arrangement of phospholipids in membrane?

A

Polar head towards outer sides
Non-Polar Hydrophobic tails towards inner part.

144
Q

What does the lipid bilayer arrangement ensures?

A

As non polar tail is made up of saturated hydrocarbons.
Saturated hydrocarbons is protected from aqueous environment by this arrangement.

145
Q

Type of investigation that revealed about protein and carbohydrate presence in cell membrane?

A

Biochemical

146
Q

The ratio of protein and lipids varies_______?

A

CONSIDEREBLY in D/F Cell types

147
Q

Is the percentage of proteins and lipids in human erythrocyte?

A

Proteins) 52%
Lipids) 40%

148
Q

The basis of division of membrane protein is?

A

Ease of extraction

149
Q

How many types of membrane proteins are found in plasma membrane? And their locations in membrane!

A

1.) Integral) buried in membrane
•Totally
•Partially
2.) Peripheral) lie on surface of membrane.

150
Q

What is fluid mosaic modle?

A

Modle of a STRUCTURE of cell membrane

151
Q

Fluid mosaic modle was given by? And when?

A

Singer and Nicholson in 1972

152
Q

Why fluid nature of membrane is important? What are those functions?

A

For functions like;
•Cell Growth
•Formation of intercellular junctions
•Secretion
•Endocytosis
•Cell division

153
Q

What is the nature of lipid?

A

Quasi-fluid

154
Q

What does quasi-fluid nature of lipid enable?

A

LATERAL Movements OF PROTEIN within bilayer.

155
Q

Ability to move within membrane is measured as?

A

Fluidity

156
Q

Passive transport? It’s nature?

A

Molecules move across membrane without any requirement of energy.
The movement is brief. Shown by many molecules.

157
Q

The process of transport along the concentration gradient is called?

A

Simple diffusion is along higher to lower concentration.

158
Q

Along the cell membrane which substances show simple diffusion method for transport across membrane?

A

Neutral solutes

159
Q

The process of simple diffusion if involves water is called? What’s special thing about this process?

A

Water actually is a polar substance and membrane is actually nonpolar but still water is transported across the membrane by the process of simple diffusion along the concentration gradient which is called osmosis.

160
Q

For polar molecules to be transported across plasma membrane they require?

A

•Carrier proteins
•Na+ and K+ pumps
This two facilitate the transport of polar molecules across non polar lipid bilayer.

161
Q

What type of transport is shown by polar molecules such as ions across transportation along plasma membrane? Why is it so important that they are transported against concentration gradient?

A

They are transported against the concentration gradient from low to high by active transport. ATP are utilised and hence it is a energy dependent process. Polar molecules are required for the processes requiring water as a solvent inside the cell.

162
Q

What is a cell wall?

A

It’s a rigid structure that covers plasma membrane from outer side.

163
Q

Is cell wall living in nature?

A

Cell wall is non living because it’s an extracellular product that is boundary to the living structures inside.

164
Q

What are the functions of a cell wall?

A

1.) Protect cell from:
•Mechanical damage
•Infection
2.) Give shape to cell
3.) Provide barrier to undesirable macromolecules
4.) Helps in Cell to cell interaction

165
Q

What are the sizes of:
•Bacteria?
•PPLO?
•Typical Eukaryotic Cell?
•Viruses?
(Filtration paper question)

A

Bacteria) 1-2 micrometer
PPLO) 0.1 micrometer
Eukaryotic Cell) 10-20 micrometre
Viruses) 0.02-0.2 micrometre

166
Q

Cell wall of plants are composed of?

A

•Cellulose
•Hemi cellulose
•Pectins
•Proteins

167
Q

Alage cell wall is formed of?

A

•Cellulose
•Galactans
•Mannans
•MINERALS like CaCO3

168
Q

What is the name of cell wall of young plant cell?

A

Primary wall

169
Q

What happens to the primary wall of young plant cell?

A

Cell wall is not capable of growing as it is non living but primary wall is CAPABLE OF GROWTH.
• Gradually diminishes as cell matures.

170
Q

What happens after the primary wall diminishes gradually?

A

Secondary wall is formed on inner side towards the membrane side of cell.

171
Q

How does the cell wall help in Cell to cell interaction?

A

With the help of a layered structure called middle lamella.

172
Q

What does middle lamella do?

A

It HOLDS or GLUES different neighbouring cells together.

173
Q

What is middle lamella made up of?

A

Calcium pectate

174
Q

Cell wall and middle lamella MAYBE transversed by?

A

Plasmodesmata

175
Q

How does plasmodesmata help in Cell to cell interaction?

A

It CONNECTS the CYTOPLASM of neighbouring cells.

176
Q

Each of membranous organelles are distinct in terms of it’s ________&__________?

A

Structure
Function

177
Q

What is endo membrane system?

A

Although STRUCTURE and FUNCTION of membranous organelles are distinct but still some of them have their FUNCTIONS COORDINATED with each other. The organelles whose functions are co-ordinated form endo membrane system.

178
Q

Which organelles form endo membrane system?

A

•The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
•Golgi complex
•Lysosomes
•Vacuoles

179
Q

Which organelles are not component of endomembrane system?

A

Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Peroxisomes

180
Q

We can see endoplasmic reticulum with the help of light microscope, true or false?

A

False, require electron microscope to study even the presence of endoplasmic reticulum.

181
Q

What does the endoplasmic reticulum look like?

A

•Network of reticulum
• Reticulum of
1.) tiny
2.) tubular structures!

182
Q

Where is endoplasmic reticulum located inside the cell?

A

It’s scattered in cytoplasm

183
Q

What does endoplasmic reticulum do to the intercellular space?

A

It divide it into two DISTINCT compartments.

184
Q

What are the two district compartments in which endoplasmic reticulum divides the intercellular space?

A

1.) Luminal (inside endoplasmic reticulum)
2.) Extra luminal (outside endoplasmic reticulum i.e, cytoplasm)

185
Q

In which type of endoplasmic reticulum the ribosomes are attached?

A

RER Fig.8.5

186
Q

Where ribosomes are attached to RER?

A

Outer surface

187
Q

What is the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

1.) Active Protein
•synthesis and
•secretion

188
Q

Where are rough endoplasmic reticulum located inside cell?

A

They EXTEND in CONTINUATION with the OUTER membrane of nucleus.

189
Q

The endoplasmic reticulum in which ribosomes are not present?

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum because they appears smooth.

190
Q

What is the function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

They are major site of lipid SYNTHESIS.

191
Q

What special function do smooth endoplasmic reticulum perform in ANIMAL cells?

A

The STEROIDAL HORMONE in animal cells are LIPID LIKE. They are synthesized by SER.

192
Q

Who founded Golgi apparatus and when?

A

Camillo Golgi in 1898

193
Q

What type of structure is Golgi body?

A

•Dense
•Reticular

194
Q

Where is the Golgi body located?

A

Near nucleus

195
Q

What do Golgi bodies consist?

A

Cisternae

196
Q

Shape of Cisternae?

A

•Flat
•Disc-shaped
Sacs

197
Q

What is size of Cisternae?

A

0.5 micrometre to 1 micrometre diameter.
0.25 micrometre to 0.5 micrometre radius.

198
Q

How are Cisternae arranged in Golgi body?

A

Stacked parallel to each other!

199
Q

How many no. of Cisternae are present in Golgi complex?

A

Varied no.

200
Q

How are Cisternae arranged with respect to nucleus as they are near nucleus?

A

Concentrically arranged

201
Q

Golgi apparatus is important site of formation of?

A

•Glycoprotein
•Glycolipids

202
Q

What are the two faces of Cisternae?

A

•Cis or Forming Face
•Trans or Maturing Face

203
Q

Which face is concave and which is convex in Cisternae?

A

•Cis is DISTINCT Convex
•Trans is Concave

204
Q

Cisternae are found in closed association with?

A

ER

205
Q

What are the Functions of Cisternae? Are Cis and Trans face both same

A

Cis and Trans are entirely different but they are INTERCONNECTED!
THERE MAIN FUNCTION IS PACKAGING MATERIAL AND DELIVERY IT TO THE TARGETS.

206
Q

What are the two target sites of delivery by Cisternae?

A

•Intracellular
•Outside the cell secretion

207
Q

What is the scene of Cisternae with ER?

A

ER form Vesicles of the material to be packaged. Send it to cis. From cis it reaches to trans.

208
Q

What’s the material that generally associate ER with Golgi complex?

A

ER sends Ribosomal PROTEINS, for packaging to Cisternae.

209
Q

What does Cisternae do the Ribosomal PROTEINS it receives from ER?

A

Modify them and release from Trans face.

210
Q

What are Lysosomes? How are they formed?

A

Vesicular structure formed by packaging in Golgi apparatus.

211
Q

What type of enzymes a Lysosome contain?

A

Hydrolytic

212
Q

Hydrolytic enzymes are generally found in Lysosomes that are?

A

Isolated

213
Q

What type of Hydrolytic enzymes does a isolated Lysosome contain?

A

Hydrolases

214
Q

Name some of the hydrolases and what do they digest?

A

Lipase- Digest Lipids
Protease- Digest Proteins
Carbohydrase- Digest Carbohydrates
Nucleaese- Digest Nucleic Acid

215
Q

What pH makes Lysosomes active?

A

Acidic

216
Q

If Lysosomes are destructivly digestive, then what measure does the cell take to avoid their abrupt release?

A

They are made membrane bound

217
Q

What are Vacuoles? What do they store?

A

Space in cytoplasm used for storage.
They store;
•Ions
•Cellular Materials

218
Q

How much volume does a vacuole acquire in a plant cell?

A

90% of the cell volume

219
Q

What is tonoplast?

A

Single membrane of Vacuole

220
Q

What kind of materials are stored in Vacuoles?

A

1) Water
2) Sap
3) Excretory Products
4) Other materials

221
Q

What is the main function of Vacuole? What difference that function create between vacuole and cytoplasm?

A

Facilitate the transport of ions and materials AGAINST CONCENTRATION GRADIENT, inside itself. Hence concentration of these things are more in vacuole than cytoplasm itself.

222
Q

What is the name of Vacuole found in amoeba?

A

Contractile

223
Q

What does contractile vacuole do in amoeba?

A

Important for excretion

224
Q

What are food vacuole?

A

Vacuoles formed by engulfing food particles.

225
Q

In which organisms food Vacuoles are generally found?

A

Protists

226
Q

Why Mitochondria needs to be SPECIFICALLY stained?

A

They are not easily visible under microscope.

227
Q

No. of mitochondria per cell VARIES, as it depends on? Give example

A

Physiological activity of the cells.
Red and White Muscles in humans

228
Q

What features of mitochondria too vary?

A

Shape and Size

229
Q

What is the general shape of mitochondria?

A

Sausage shape or cylindrical

230
Q

Why is mitochondria special than other organelles?

A

It’s double Membrane bound

BOTANY 🌱 GOD Level 🎚️ (11 decks)

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