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Anatomy > Chapter 26: Digestive System SYDNEY > Flashcards

Chapter 26: Digestive System SYDNEY Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of the gastrointestinal tract (alimentary canal)

A

-food and waste
-food and saliva
-chyme
-digestive organs
-accessory digestive organs

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2
Q

what does food and saliva result in?

A

bolus

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3
Q

what is chyme?

A

paste-like material in stomach

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4
Q

what is the gastrointestinal tract?

A

pathway by which food enters the body and solid wastes are expelled

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5
Q

what does the gastrointestinal tract include?

A

includes the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus

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6
Q

functions of the digestive system

A

-ingestion
-digestion
-secretion
-absorption
-elimination

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7
Q

2 types of digestion

A

-mechanical digestion
-chemical digestion

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8
Q

what is mechanical digestion?

A

-physical breakdown
-mastication = chewing

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9
Q

what is ingestion?

A

first step in the process of digestion and refers to the act of taking food and liquids into your mouth

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10
Q

what is digestion?

A

process by which the body breaks down the food you eat into smaller, more absorbable molecules.

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11
Q

what is chemical digestion?

A

-enzymes
-smaller molecules

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12
Q

what is secretion?

A

process of releasing digestive juices, enzymes, and other substances that aid in breaking down food so that nutrients can be extracted from it

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13
Q

what is absorption?

A

-process of taking the broken-down nutrients from digested food and delivering them into the body’s circulation system so they can be used to maintain and support various physiological functions.
-primarily takes place in small intestine

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14
Q

what is elimination?

A

-final stage of digestive process where it helps rid the body of waste and toxins
-primarily take place in large intestine

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15
Q

Parts of the oral cavity

A

-mouth
-lips to oropharynx
-hard palate & soft palate
-mylohyoid (forms floor of mouth)
-vestibule (outside teeth to lips)
-oral cavity proper (b/t teeth)

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16
Q

what is the biggest muscle in the oral cavity?

A

tongue

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17
Q

what type of muscle is the tongue?

A

skeletal muscle

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18
Q

parts of the tongue

A

-body
-root (lingual tonsil)
-lingual frenulum (tip to the floor of the mouth)
-papillae (superior surface)

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19
Q

functions of the tongue

A

-sound production
-food manipulation
-swallowing

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20
Q

what is the papillae?

A

tiny raised protrusions on the tongue that contain taste buds

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21
Q

4 types of papillae

A

-filiform
-fungiform
-vallate (back of the tongue)
-foliate (edge of the tongue)

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22
Q

which type of papillae has no taste buds and is bristle-like?

A

filiform

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23
Q

what is the largest part of the tongue?

A

vallate

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24
Q

functions of saliva

A

-moistens food
-cleans mouth
-inhibits pathogen growth
-salivary amylase starts digestion

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25
Q

types of salivary glands

A

-intrinsic
-extrinsic

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26
Q

function of intrinsic gland type

A

minor salivary gland that continually secrete small amounts of saliva to help maintain oral moisture

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27
Q

function of extrinsic gland type

A

major salivary gland that are responsible for producing most of the saliva during eating

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28
Q

features of intrinsic gland type

A

-small
-lingual lipase
-around oral cavity

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29
Q

features of extrinsic gland type

A

-larger
-multicellular
-pairs
-outside oral cavity
-amylase in saliva

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30
Q

3 types of extrinsic salivary gland types

A

-parotid glands
-submandibular glands
-sublingual glands

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31
Q

features of parotid glands

A

function: They produce a watery, enzyme-rich saliva that primarily helps with the initial breakdown of starches
-largest
-anterior to ear, lateral to masseter
-parotoid duct
-empties lateral, superior

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32
Q

features of submandibular glands

A

function: They produce a mixture of mucus and enzymes and contribute to both digestion and lubrication of the mouth.
-60-70%
-submandibular duct to lingual frenulum

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33
Q

features of sublingual glands

A

function: They produce thick, mucus-rich saliva, which helps to keep the mouth moist and assists in the initial stages of digestion.
-5%
-multiple ducts beneath & lateral to the tongue

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34
Q

parts of the teeth

A

-crown
-root
-dentin core
-deciduous
-permanent

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35
Q

what is the enamel a part of?

A

crown

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36
Q

parts of the root

A

-dental alveoli
-periodontal ligament
-cementum
-root canal

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37
Q

what is the pulp cavity a part of and what is the function?

A

-dentin core
-nourishes tooth

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38
Q

what are the deciduous teeth, how many teeth are in this category, and age of teeth?

A

-baby teeth
-lost
-20 teeth
-6 and 30 months

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39
Q

how many permanent teeth are there?

A

32 teeth

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40
Q

4 types of permanent teeth

A

-incisors
-canines
-premolars
-molars

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41
Q

what are the incisors?

A

front teeth and are designed for cutting and slicing food

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42
Q

what are the canines?

A

pointed teeth located on either side of the incisors, puncturing/tearing food

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43
Q

what are the premolars?

A

larger and have a flat biting surface with one or more cusps.

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44
Q

what are the molars?

A

largest and strongest teeth in the mouth, designed for grinding and crushing

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45
Q

refers to the cheek side of a tooth or the oral cavity

A

buccal

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46
Q

refers to the tongue side of a tooth or the oral cavity

A

lingual

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47
Q

chewing surface of a tooth; It is the top surface of the tooth that comes into contact with the opposing tooth when biting and chewing.

A

occlusal surface

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48
Q

describe a location or direction that is closer to the midline of the dental arch or closer to the front of the mouth

A

mesial

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49
Q

describes a location or direction that is farther away from the midline of the dental arch or closer to the back of the mouth

A

distal

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50
Q

parts of the pharynx

A

-oropharynx
-laryngopharynx

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51
Q

what is the vagus nerve, also known as the cranial nerve X (CN X) responsible for?

A

the vagus nerve has a pharyngeal branch in which muscles are innervated - process by which nerves supply signals to muscles, allowing them to contract and perform various functions. (ex: swallowing)

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52
Q

what is the glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX) responsible for?

A

responsible for providing sensory innervation to the back of the throat, including the tonsils, the soft palate, and the back of the tongue.

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53
Q

3 phases of swallowing

A

-voluntary phase
-pharyngeal phase
-esophageal phase

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54
Q

what happens in the voluntary phase?

A

pushing food to hard palate

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55
Q

what happens in the pharyngeal phase?

A

-contact in oropharynx
-“gag reflex”
-larynx raises (epiglottis covers)

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56
Q

what happens in the esophageal phase?

A

-involuntary
-peristalsis

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57
Q

2 planes used to describe anatomical planes

A

-median plane (vertical plane)
-transumbilical plane (horizontal plane)

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58
Q

4 quadrants of the abdomen

A

-left upper
-left lower
-right upper
-right lower

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59
Q

features of the peritoneal cavity

A

-potential space
-visceral peritoneum
-parietal peritoneum

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60
Q

which organs are covered and not equally covered?

A

-intraperitoneal - completely
-retroperitoneal - only anterior surface of organ covered

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61
Q

specific retroperitoneal organs

A

kidneys, duodenum, pancreas, ascending colon, descending colon

62
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity & linings

A

-peritoneal cavity
-mesenteries
-mesentery proper
-peritoneal ligament
-greater omentum
-lesser omentum

63
Q

features of mesenteries

A

-folds of peritoneum
-contain nerves/vessels
-GI organs

64
Q

where are the small intestines?

A

mesentery proper

65
Q

feature of peritoneal ligament

A

-double layer of peritoneum
-no vessels/nerves

66
Q

types of mesentery

A

-greater omentum
-lesser omentum

67
Q

features of greater omentum

A

-between greater curvature of stomach and transverse colon
-inferior to pelvic cavity, then returns

68
Q

features of lesser omentum

A

-connects lesser curvature of stomach to the liver

69
Q

4 layers of digestive organs

A

-mucosa
-submucosa
-muscularis
-adventitia

70
Q

features of mucosa

A

-around lumen (innermost layer)
-epithelial tissue (also supporting connective tissue & muscle)

71
Q

features of submucosa

A

-areolar or dense irregular connective tissue
-vascular supply
-nerve supply
-sometimes lymph tissue and mucin glands

72
Q

features of muscularis

A

-smooth muscle
-inner layer
-outer layer
-peristalsis by contractions

73
Q

features of adventitia

A

-areolar connective tissue
-serosa if visceral peritoneum

74
Q

where is the esophagus and how long?

A

-pharynx to stomach
-25 cm

75
Q

features of the esophagus

A

-mediastinum: anterior to bodies
-esophageal hiatus: through diaphragm
-wall

76
Q

what is the esophagus wall made up of/

A

-stratified squamous epithelium
-skeletal & smooth muscle

77
Q

importance of mostly left upper quadrant of the stomach

A

-responsible for receiving food from the esophagus and beginning the process of mechanical and chemical digestion
-presence of the stomach in this area is vital for the breakdown of food into chyme: a partially digested mixture that will eventually enter the small intestine for further processing and absorption of nutrients.

78
Q

greater curvature of stomach

A

-outer, more convex, and longer curve of the stomach
- site where most of the stomach’s blood vessels

79
Q

lesser curvature of stomach

A
  • inner, more concave, and shorter curve of the stomach
    -where the stomach is attached to the liver by the lesser omentum. This connection helps support and stabilize the stomach
80
Q

sections of the stomach

A

-cardia
-fundus
-body
-pylorus

81
Q

where is the esophageal sphincter located?

A

cardia

82
Q

features of the fundus

A

-dome-shaped
-above cardia

83
Q

features of the pylorus

A

-terminal region
-funnel to small intestine
-pyloric sphincter: controls flow of chyme

84
Q

features of the stomach wall

A

-gastric folds aka rugae
-muscularis
-mucosa
-cell type distribution
-peptic ulcer

85
Q

what is rugae?

A

prominent, ridged or wrinkled folds of the mucosa (the inner lining) in the stomach

86
Q

features of muscularis

A

-3 layers
-churning/blending

87
Q

cells types found in gastric pits

A

-surface mucous cells
-mucous neck cells
-parietal cells
-chief cells
-gastric pits

88
Q

tissue of mucosa in stomach wall

A

-simple columnar epithelium

89
Q

features of surface mucosa cells

A

-continuous secretion
-acid protection

90
Q

which cells have acidic mucus?

A

mucous cells

91
Q

which cells secrete hydrochloric acid to create highly acidic environment in the stomach?

A

parietal cells

92
Q

which cells produce enzymes and pepsin (active enzyme that plays a crucial role in the digestion of proteins)?

A

chief cells

93
Q

what are gastric pits?

A

-depressions in the mucosal lining of the stomach
-openings of glands
-mucous neck cells, parietal cells, chief cells

94
Q

what happens in cell type distribution?

A

-all cell types in body and fundus
-only mucous secreting cells in pylorus and cardia

95
Q

function of mucosa

A

reduces acidity of chyme

96
Q

erosion of the protective mucus lining by acids

A

peptic ulcer

97
Q

type of digestion that occurs in small intestine

A

complete chemical digestion

98
Q

features of the small intestine

A

-absorb 90% of all nutrients and water
-20 ft long
-thing walled tube

99
Q

where does the small intestine begin and end?

A

starts at pylorus and ends at cecum

100
Q

3 regions of small intestine

A

-duodenum
-jejunum
-ileum

101
Q

-first and shortest segment of the small intestine 10-12 in long
- further digestion of food and the neutralization of stomach acid
-brunner glands (submucosal glands)
-alkaline mucus

A

duodenum (major duodenal)

102
Q

-middle section of the small intestine and is approximately 8-9 ft long
-this is where the majority of nutrient absorption takes place

A

jejunum

103
Q

-final and longest portion of the small intestine, extending for about 12-15 feet
-further absorb any remaining nutrients and to reabsorb bile salts; immune response to gut pathogens
-Peyer’s patches (collections of lymphoid tissue that play a role in the immune system)

A

ileum (ileocecal valve)

104
Q

features of mucosa of small intestine

A

-circular folds
-intestinal crypts

105
Q

covering of circular folds

A

villi covering

106
Q

tissue type of circular folds

A

simple columnar epithelium w/ microvilli

107
Q

appearance of circular folds

A

only color change visible under light microscope

108
Q

function of circular folds

A

increase surface area

109
Q

features of intestinal crypts

A

-b/t villi
-goblet cells, unicellular glands, enteroendocrine cells
-secrete hormones regulating digestion, mucus, enzymes

110
Q

features of large intestine

A

-5 ft long
-larger diameter
-perimeter of abdominal cavity

111
Q

functions of large intestine

A

-absorbs water & ions
-absorbs some nutrients
-stores feces

112
Q

parts of large intestine

A

-cecum
-ascending colon
-right colic flexure
-transverse colon
-left colic flexure
-descending colon
-sigmoid colon
-rectum
-anal canal

113
Q

where is the vermiform appendix located?

A

cecum

114
Q

features of vermiform appendix of large intestine

A

-walls full of lymphatic tissues (lymphocytes)
-appendicitis

115
Q

what happens to someone with appendicitis?

A

-inflammation of appendix
-risks bursting - worse infection
-blockage by fecal matter
-pain localized to lower right quadrant
-antibiotic treatment (appendectomy if persistent)

116
Q

mucosa of large intestine

A

-simple columnar epithelium
-intestinal glands
-no villi

117
Q

muscularis of large intestine

A

-2 layers
-teniae coli
-haustra
-omental appendices

118
Q

features of teniae coli

A

-outer longitudinal layer
-three ribbons

119
Q

feature of haustra

A

-bunches large intestine into sacs

120
Q

feature of omental appendices

A

-lobules of fat

121
Q

movement of large intestine

A

-haustral churning
-mass movements

122
Q

what happens during haustral churning?

A

-stimulated by distention
-mixes material & moves it to next haustran

123
Q

what happens during mass movements?

A

-tenea coli contract & propel fecal matter towards rectum
-3 times a day
-gastrocolic flexure

124
Q

features of rectum

A

-straight retroperitoneal distal portion
-expands to store fecal matter
-rectal valves

125
Q

functions of rectal valves

A

-transverse folds
-retain fecal matter as gas is passed

126
Q

parts of anal canal

A

-terminal few centimeters
-anal sinuses
-internal anal sphincter
-external anal sphincter

127
Q

what type of tissue is the anal canal?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

128
Q

features of anal sinuses

A

-depressions in anal canal
-release mucin when compressed
-lubricate feces

129
Q

what type of muscle is the internal anal sphincter?

A

involuntary muscle

130
Q

what type of muscle is the external anal sphincter?

A

voluntary muscle

131
Q

general parts of the liver

A

-right upper quadrant
-largest internal organ
-4 lobes

132
Q

left lobe of liver

A

-separated from right by falciform ligament
-round ligament of liver (fetal remnant)

133
Q

right lobe of liver

A

-caudate lobe
-quadrate lobe

134
Q

functions of liver

A

-produces bile
-detoxifies active molecules (drugs, poisons)
-store excess nutrients & vitamins
-synthesize blood plasma proteins (clotting factors)
-recycle old red blood cells

135
Q

features of liver

A

-hepatic portal vein
-hepatic artery proper
-blood through hepatocytes to hepatic veins

136
Q

what happens during cirrhosis?

A

-degenerative loss of hepatocytes
-hepatic portal hypertension
-liver failure
-liver transplant

137
Q

what happens during degenerative loss of hepatocytes?

A

-chronic injury to hepatocytes
-scar tissue
-irreversible

138
Q

features of the gall bladder

A

-inferior surface of liver
-sac stores bile (released during digestion)
-bile-green fluid helps break down fats

139
Q

features of bile ducts

A

-common hepatic duct
-cystic duct
-common bile duct

140
Q

where does the common hepatic duct come from?

A

comes from the liver

141
Q

where does the cystic duct come from?

A

-comes from gall bladder
-biles flows into gallbladder and out

142
Q

what happens in the common bile duct?

A

-joining of the two (common hepatic duct and cystic duct)
-goes to the duodenum (major duodenal papilla)

143
Q

features of the pancreas

A

-retroperotineal organ
-medial duodenum to the spleen
mixed gland (both exocrine and endocrine functions)

144
Q

pancreas exocrine function

A

-exocrine
-pancreatic juice
-pancreatic duct

145
Q

cells in the pancreas exocrine and type of tissue

A

-acinar cells
-simple cuboidal epithelium

146
Q

parts of pancreatic juice

A

-mucin
-digestive enzymes
-bicarbonate

147
Q

where does neutralizing stomach acid happen?

A

bicarbonate

148
Q

where is the major duodenal papilla located?

A

pancreatic duct

149
Q

pancreas endocrine function

A

-pancreatic islets
-diabetes mellitus

150
Q

features of pancreatic islets

A

-1% of pancreas
-hormones (glucagon, insulin)

151
Q

features of diabetes mellitus

A

-insufficient glucose uptake from blood
-excess is urinated
-Insulin-dependent and independent forms

Anatomy (82 decks)

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