Chapter 20: Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

what does the endocrine gland do?

A

-produce hormones that are released into the bloodstream
-ductless

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2
Q

what are hormones in relation to the endocrine system?

A

chemical messengers

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3
Q

function of hormones

A
  • change the metabolic activity of the target cells/target organs
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4
Q

what are target cells and target organs?

A

target cells: cells with specific receptors for the hormone enabling the hormone to bind to the cell
target organs: organs that contain the target cells

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5
Q

what does the feedback do in general?

A

-hormone levels are regulated by this self-adjusting mechanism
-product of a pathway acts back at an earlier step in the pathway to regulate the pathway’s activities

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6
Q

types of feedback

A

-positive feedback
-negative feedback

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7
Q

positive feedback

A

accelerates the original process, either to ensure that the pathway continues to run or to speed up its activities

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8
Q

negative feedback

A

occurs when a stimulus starts a process, and eventually either the hormone that is secreted or a product of its effects causes the process to slow down or turn off

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9
Q

appearance of the adrenal glands and location

A

-paired, pyramid-shaped endocrine glands anchored on the superior surface of each kidney

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10
Q

parts of the adrenal gland

A

-corticosteroids
-epinephrine/norepinephrine
-pancreas
-gonads
-pineal gland
-thymus

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11
Q

what is the location of corticosteroids and what does it regulate?

A

-cortex
-electrolyte type/amount

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12
Q

what is the outer layer of the adrenal gland called?

A

adrenal cortex

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13
Q

what is the inner central core of the adrenal gland called?

A

adrenal medulla

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14
Q

color of adrenal cortex and why? function?

A

-distinctive yellow color as a consequence of the stored lipids in its cells that synthesize more than 25 different steroid hormones

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15
Q

what are the steroid hormones collectively called?

A

corticosteroids

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16
Q

color of adrenal medulla

A

-pronounced red-brown color due to its extensive vascularization

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17
Q

how are the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine created?

A

chromaffin cells secrete these hormones when stimulated by the sympathetic division of the ANS

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18
Q

what is epinephrine also known as? what is norepinephrine also known as?

A

epinephrine = adrenaline
norepinephrine = no adrenaline

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19
Q

where are the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine located? effects of them?

A

-medulla
-fight or flight response

20
Q

what are the pancreas? where are they located?

A

-perform both exocrine and endocrine activities
-elongated, spongy, nodular organ situated posterior to the stomach between the duodenum of the small intestine and the spleen; pancreatic islets

21
Q

what products do pancreas create?

A

-insulin
-glucagon

22
Q

what are the gonads?

A

female and male primary sex organs
females = ovaries
males = testes

23
Q

what sex hormones do the ovaries produce?

A
  • estrogen
    -progesterone
24
Q

what sex hormones do the testes produce?

A

androgens which are converted to testosterone

25
Q

appearance and location of pineal gland

A

small, cone-shaped structure attached to the posterior region of the epithalamus (brain)

26
Q

what does the pineal gland produce?

A

melatonin

27
Q

effects of melatonin

A

-causes drowsiness
-tends to be cyclic; increases at night and decreases during the day
-circadian rhythm (24 hour body clock)
-sexual maturation

28
Q

what is the thymus?

A

bilobed structure located within the mediastinum superior to the heart and immediately posterior to the sternum

29
Q

function of the thymus

A

-involved in maturation of T-lymphocytes
-regulate and maintain body immunity

30
Q

where is the pituitary gland?

A

lies inferior to the hypothalamus (brain)

31
Q

tissue types of pituitary gland

A

part nervous/glandular

32
Q

two parts of the pituitary gland

A

-anterior pituitary gland
-posterior pituitary gland

33
Q

tissue type of posterior pituitary gland

A

nervous tissue

34
Q

tissue type of anterior pituitary gland

A

glandular tissue

35
Q

where do the hormones come from in the posterior pituitary gland?

A

hypothalamus

36
Q

what hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary gland?

A

-antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin)
-oxytocin

37
Q

what hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary gland?

A

-luteinizing hormone (LH)
-follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
-thyroid stimulating hormone

38
Q

what does the antidiuretic hormone do?

A

-increases water retention
-vasoconstriction

39
Q

what does oxytocin do?

A

-smooth muscle contractions (intercourse, labor)
-lactation (females)

40
Q

what other endocrine glands does the anterior pituitary gland regulate?

A

LH and FSH regulate gonads

41
Q

shape of thyroid gland

A

-butterfly shape
-lobed

42
Q

effects of thyroid hormone

A

-increases metabolism
-oxygen use
-growth
-energy use
-promotes development

43
Q

clinical significance of thyroid

A

goiter

44
Q

effects of the goiter

A

-overgrowth of thyroid
-insufficient iodine

45
Q

color and location of parathyroid

A

small, brownish-red parathyroid glands located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

46
Q

amount of nodules of parathyroid

A

four small nodules

47
Q

what does the parathyroid hormone promote?

A

-calcium release from bone
-calcium uptake from food
-calcium recovery from filtrate in kidneys