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MICROBIOLOGY > LESSON 14: BACTERIAL GENETICS > Flashcards

LESSON 14: BACTERIAL GENETICS Flashcards

1
Q
  • is the science of heredity; study of genes and
    information it carries.
A

GENETICS

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1
Q

are containing DNA that carry hereditary information; the chromosomes carry the genes.

A

CHROMOSOMES

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1
Q

-is the genetic information that a cell carry that includes
chromosomes and plasmid.

A

GENOME

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2
Q

are segments of DNA (except in RNA viruses) that code for functional products.

A

GENES

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3
Q

The cells DNA exist as long strands of nucleotides twisted together in pairs to f

A

DOUBLE HELIX

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4
Q

DNA or Deoxyribonucleic acid is a macromolecule composed of repeating units called?

A

NUCLEOTIDES

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5
Q

Nucleotide consist of :

A

NITROGENOUS BASE
DEOXYRIBOSE
PHOSPHATE GROUP

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6
Q

The two strands are held by________ between base pairs.

A

HYDROGEN BONDS

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7
Q

These strands have two designation called:

A

5 prime end & 3 prime end

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8
Q

5 & 3 represent the?

A

represent the 5th and 3rd carbon atom of the
sugar ring.

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9
Q

is the end, which joins a phosphate group that attaches to
another nucleotide

A

5th end

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10
Q

is the end important as during replication the new nucleotide is added to the end.

A

3rd end

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11
Q

is the genetic makeup of an organism that codes for all its
characteristics

A

GENOTYPE

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12
Q

actual expressed properties of an organism or the manifestation of a genotype

A

PHENOTYPE

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13
Q

the two strands uncoil and permanently
separate from each other.

A

DNA REPLICATION

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14
Q

both the parental strands must unwind due to an enzyme called?

A

Topoisomerase or gyrase

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14
Q

separate permanently into single stranded state made
possible by this enzyme?

A

HELICASE

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14
Q

are short Sequences of RNA, around 10 nucleotide in length

A

PRIMERS

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15
Q

it synthesizes the primers the?

A

PRIMASE

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16
Q

New nucleotides are added one by one to the end of
growing strand by an enzyme called ?

A

DNA POLYMERASE

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17
Q

The strandwhich is synthesized in the same direction as the replication fork, is known as? 5’-3’

A

LEADING STRAND

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18
Q

the strand being synthesized in the other direction, which is known as 3’-5’?

A

LAGGING STRAND

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19
Q

in lagging strand polymerase has to synthesized this _______ as it moves to replication fork.

A

FRAGMENTS or OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS

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20
Q

When DNA polymerase is adding nucleotides to the lagging strand and creating Okazaki fragments, it at times leaves a gap or two between the fragments. These gaps are filled with?

A

LIGASE

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21
Q

This process wherein genetic information in DNA is
copied or transcribed into a complimentary base sequence of RNA ?

A

TRANSCRIPTION

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22
Q

carries the coded information for making specific proteins from DNA to ribosomes, where proteins are
synthesized

A

messenger RNA

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23
Q

RNA synthesis starts at a site in the strand called

A

PROMOTER

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24
Q

until RNA synthesis reaches a site on the DNA called??

A

TERMINATOR

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24
Q

protein synthesis is called_____ because it decodes and translates the genetic codes (codons) made during transcription into specific proteins which
consists of a series of amino acids

A

TRANSLATION

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25
Q

while the nonsense codons signal the ends of protein synthesis thus called??

A

STOP CODONS

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26
Q

site of translation is in the ??

A

RIBOSOMES

27
Q

Two genetic control mechanism:

A

REPRESSION & INDUCTION

28
Q

-is a regulatory mechanism that inhibits gene expression and decreases synthesis of enzymes, usually in response to overabundance of an end-product.

A

REPRESSION

29
Q

is the process that turns on the transcription of a gene.

A

INDUCTION

30
Q

is a change in the base sequence of a DNA which sometimes cause a change in the end-product (protein)

A

MUTATION

31
Q

Types of mutations :

A
  1. BASE MUTATION
  2. MESSENSE MUTATION
  3. FRAME-SHIFT MUTATIONS
31
Q

are environmental agents that directly or indirectly cause mutation

A

MUTAGENS

31
Q

a type of mutations with a single base in one point of a DNA is replaced with another base.

A

BASE MUTATION

32
Q

a type of mutation where somthing happens when as a result of base mutation, an incorrect amino acid is inserted into the synthesized protein.

A

MISSENSE MUTATIONS

33
Q

a type of mutations when one or a few nucleotide pairs are inserted or deleted in the DNA

A

FRAME-SHIFT MUTATIONS

34
Q

chemical mutagens examples:

A
  1. NITROUS ACID
  2. NUCLEOSIDE ANALOG
  3. AFLATOXIN
35
Q

a frame-shift mutagen and also a potent carcinogen

A

AFLATOXIN

36
Q

type of chemical mutagens, also have altered base-pairing property.

A

NUCLEOSIDE ANALOG

37
Q

is a type of chemical mutagens that is exposure of bacteria to nitrous acid can convert the base adenine (A) to a form no longer unpairable with thymine at a random location.

A

NITROUS ACID

38
Q

radiation example of mutagens:

A
  1. X RAYS
  2. GAMMA RAYS
  3. ULTRAVIOLET
39
Q

are potent mutagens due to their ability to ionize
atoms and molecules.

A

X RAYS & GAMMA RAYS

40
Q

is harmful (at 260 nm wavelength) due to its ability to
form covalent bonds between bases.

A

UV LIGHT

41
Q

Cell damage due to UV light can be repaired by this __________ by destroying covalent bonds to return its
original sequence.

A

photolyases or light repair enzymes

42
Q

is the exchange of genes between two DNA
molecules to form new combinations of genes on a chromosome that results to a genetic diversity in a population.

A

GENETIC RECOMBINATION

43
Q

occurs when genes are passed from an organism to
its offspring (plants and animals).

A

VERTICAL GENE TRANSFER

44
Q

occurs in bacteria in several ways. In principle, the
transfer involves a donor cell that gives a portion of its DNA to a recipient cell.

A

HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER

45
Q

recipient cell that incorporates donor DNA to its own DNA is called??

A

RECOMBINANT

46
Q

genetic recombination results from these three types of
gene transfer:

A
  1. TRANSFORMATION
  2. CONJUGATION
  3. TRANSDUCTION
47
Q

n is the transfer of genes from one bacterium to another as “naked” DNA in a solution

A

TRANSFORMATION

48
Q

in bacteria is a mechanism by which genetic material is
transferred by a plasmid, requires cell to cell contact, only donor cell must carry the plasmid.

A

CONJUGATION

49
Q

Is a circular piece of DNA that replicates independently from the cells chromosomes.

A

PLASMID

50
Q

Is a genetic transfer wherein bacterial DNA is transferred
from a donor cell to recipient cell inside a virus that infects bacteria called bacteriophage, or phage

A

TRANSDUCTION

51
Q

is an extrachromosomal genetic element that is capable of autonomous replication in the cytoplasm of a bacterial cell

A

PLASMID

52
Q

The plasmids can also be present as integrated with bacterial chromosomes, and plasmids integrated with host chromosome are know as

A

EPISOMES

53
Q

this plasmid transfer antibiotic resistant genes to some
organism.

A

R PLASMID

54
Q

2 categories of plasmid:

A
  1. TRANSMISSIBILITY
  2. NATURE OF PLASMID
55
Q

cell to cell genetic transfer through conjugation, Responsible for synthesis of the sex pilus and for the synthesis of enzymes required for their transfer.

A

TRANSMISSIBLE

56
Q

empty of genes, thus unable to transfer

A

NON-TRANSMISSIBLE

56
Q

efers to a hair-like appendage found on the surface of some bacterial cells, particularly those of Gram-negative bacteria, These pili are involved in a process called conjugation

A

SEX PILI, or sex pilus

57
Q

3 factor of NATURE OF PLASMID;

A
  1. F FACTOR
  2. R FACTOR
  3. COL FACTOR or Colicinogenic factor
57
Q

contains the genetic information, essential for controlling mating process of the bacteria during cojugatipn.

A

F FACTOR

58
Q

large plasmid molecular weight ? that contains R
factor and are conjugated

A

mol. wt. 60 million

59
Q

it contains (mol. wt. 10 million) , “r” factor and non-conjugation.

A

SMALL PLASMID

60
Q

R factor consists of two components:

A
  1. resistance transfer factor
  2. r determinants
61
Q

is responsible for conjugational transfer

A

RESISTANCE TRANSFER FACTOR

62
Q

carries resistance for one of the several
antibiotics

A

r determinants

63
Q

esembles the F factor in promoting conjugation, leading to self-transfer and also at times transfer of segments of
chromosomes.

A

COL FACTORS

64
Q

The Col factor encodes for production of_____ ehich is lethal to other enteric bacteria.

A

Colicins

65
Q

Col factors also encode FOR PRODUCTION OF?

A

diphthericin and pyocyanin

66
Q

DIPTHERICIN is produce by?

A

Corynebacterium diphteriae

67
Q

PYOCYANIN- is produced by ?

A

Pseudomona pyocyanea

68
Q
A

MICROBIOLOGY (13 decks)

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