LESSON 14: BACTERIAL GENETICS

Question 1

• is the science of heredity; study of genes and
  information it carries.

Answer 1

GENETICS

Question 1

are containing DNA that carry hereditary information; the chromosomes carry the genes.

Answer 1

CHROMOSOMES

Question 1

-is the genetic information that a cell carry that includes
chromosomes and plasmid.

Answer 1

GENOME

Question 2

are segments of DNA (except in RNA viruses) that code for functional products.

Answer 2

GENES

Question 3

The cells DNA exist as long strands of nucleotides twisted together in pairs to f

Answer 3

DOUBLE HELIX

Question 4

DNA or Deoxyribonucleic acid is a macromolecule composed of repeating units called?

Answer 4

NUCLEOTIDES

Question 5

Nucleotide consist of :

Answer 5

NITROGENOUS BASE
DEOXYRIBOSE
PHOSPHATE GROUP

Question 6

The two strands are held by________ between base pairs.

Answer 6

HYDROGEN BONDS

Question 7

These strands have two designation called:

Answer 7

5 prime end & 3 prime end

Question 8

5 & 3 represent the?

Answer 8

represent the 5th and 3rd carbon atom of the
sugar ring.

Question 9

is the end, which joins a phosphate group that attaches to
another nucleotide

Answer 9

5th end

Question 10

is the end important as during replication the new nucleotide is added to the end.

Answer 10

3rd end

Question 11

is the genetic makeup of an organism that codes for all its
characteristics

Answer 11

GENOTYPE

Question 12

actual expressed properties of an organism or the manifestation of a genotype

Answer 12

PHENOTYPE

Question 13

the two strands uncoil and permanently
separate from each other.

Answer 13

DNA REPLICATION

Question 14

both the parental strands must unwind due to an enzyme called?

Answer 14

Topoisomerase or gyrase

Question 14

separate permanently into single stranded state made
possible by this enzyme?

Answer 14

HELICASE

Question 14

are short Sequences of RNA, around 10 nucleotide in length

Answer 14

PRIMERS

Question 15

it synthesizes the primers the?

Answer 15

PRIMASE

Question 16

New nucleotides are added one by one to the end of
growing strand by an enzyme called ?

Answer 16

DNA POLYMERASE

Question 17

The strandwhich is synthesized in the same direction as the replication fork, is known as? 5’-3’

Answer 17

LEADING STRAND

Question 18

the strand being synthesized in the other direction, which is known as 3’-5’?

Answer 18

LAGGING STRAND

Question 19

in lagging strand polymerase has to synthesized this _______ as it moves to replication fork.

Answer 19

FRAGMENTS or OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS

Question 20

When DNA polymerase is adding nucleotides to the lagging strand and creating Okazaki fragments, it at times leaves a gap or two between the fragments. These gaps are filled with?

Answer 20

LIGASE

Question 21

This process wherein genetic information in DNA is copied or transcribed into a complimentary base sequence of RNA ?

Answer 21

TRANSCRIPTION

Question 22

carries the coded information for making specific proteins from DNA to ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized

Answer 22

messenger RNA

Question 23

RNA synthesis starts at a site in the strand called

Answer 23

PROMOTER

Question 24

until RNA synthesis reaches a site on the DNA called??

Answer 24

TERMINATOR

Question 24

protein synthesis is called_____ because it decodes and translates the genetic codes (codons) made during transcription into specific proteins which consists of a series of amino acids

Answer 24

TRANSLATION

Question 25

while the nonsense codons signal the ends of protein synthesis thus called??

Answer 25

STOP CODONS

Question 26

site of translation is in the ??

Answer 26

RIBOSOMES

Question 27

Two genetic control mechanism:

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REPRESSION & INDUCTION

Question 28

-is a regulatory mechanism that inhibits gene expression and decreases synthesis of enzymes, usually in response to overabundance of an end-product.

Answer 28

REPRESSION

Question 29

is the process that turns on the transcription of a gene.

Answer 29

INDUCTION

Question 30

is a change in the base sequence of a DNA which sometimes cause a change in the end-product (protein)

Answer 30

MUTATION

Question 31

Types of mutations :

Answer 31

1. BASE MUTATION 2. MESSENSE MUTATION 3. FRAME-SHIFT MUTATIONS

Question 31

are environmental agents that directly or indirectly cause mutation

Answer 31

MUTAGENS

Question 31

a type of mutations with a single base in one point of a DNA is replaced with another base.

Answer 31

BASE MUTATION

Question 32

a type of mutation where somthing happens when as a result of base mutation, an incorrect amino acid is inserted into the synthesized protein.

Answer 32

MISSENSE MUTATIONS

Question 33

a type of mutations when one or a few nucleotide pairs are inserted or deleted in the DNA

Answer 33

FRAME-SHIFT MUTATIONS

Question 34

chemical mutagens examples:

Answer 34

1. NITROUS ACID 2. NUCLEOSIDE ANALOG 3. AFLATOXIN

Question 35

a frame-shift mutagen and also a potent carcinogen

Answer 35

AFLATOXIN

Question 36

type of chemical mutagens, also have altered base-pairing property.

Answer 36

NUCLEOSIDE ANALOG

Question 37

is a type of chemical mutagens that is exposure of bacteria to nitrous acid can convert the base adenine (A) to a form no longer unpairable with thymine at a random location.

Answer 37

NITROUS ACID

Question 38

radiation example of mutagens:

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1. X RAYS 2. GAMMA RAYS 3. ULTRAVIOLET

Question 39

are potent mutagens due to their ability to ionize atoms and molecules.

Answer 39

X RAYS & GAMMA RAYS

Question 40

is harmful (at 260 nm wavelength) due to its ability to form covalent bonds between bases.

Answer 40

UV LIGHT

Question 41

Cell damage due to UV light can be repaired by this __________ by destroying covalent bonds to return its original sequence.

Answer 41

photolyases or light repair enzymes

Question 42

is the exchange of genes between two DNA molecules to form new combinations of genes on a chromosome that results to a genetic diversity in a population.

Answer 42

GENETIC RECOMBINATION

Question 43

occurs when genes are passed from an organism to its offspring (plants and animals).

Answer 43

VERTICAL GENE TRANSFER

Question 44

occurs in bacteria in several ways. In principle, the transfer involves a donor cell that gives a portion of its DNA to a recipient cell.

Answer 44

HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER

Question 45

recipient cell that incorporates donor DNA to its own DNA is called??

Answer 45

RECOMBINANT

Question 46

genetic recombination results from these three types of gene transfer:

Answer 46

1. TRANSFORMATION 2. CONJUGATION 3. TRANSDUCTION

Question 47

n is the transfer of genes from one bacterium to another as “naked” DNA in a solution

Answer 47

TRANSFORMATION

Question 48

in bacteria is a mechanism by which genetic material is transferred by a plasmid, requires cell to cell contact, only donor cell must carry the plasmid.

Answer 48

CONJUGATION

Question 49

Is a circular piece of DNA that replicates independently from the cells chromosomes.

Answer 49

PLASMID

Question 50

Is a genetic transfer wherein bacterial DNA is transferred from a donor cell to recipient cell inside a virus that infects bacteria called bacteriophage, or phage

Answer 50

TRANSDUCTION

Question 51

is an extrachromosomal genetic element that is capable of autonomous replication in the cytoplasm of a bacterial cell

Answer 51

PLASMID

Question 52

The plasmids can also be present as integrated with bacterial chromosomes, and plasmids integrated with host chromosome are know as

Answer 52

EPISOMES

Question 53

this plasmid transfer antibiotic resistant genes to some organism.

Answer 53

R PLASMID

Question 54

2 categories of plasmid:

Answer 54

1. TRANSMISSIBILITY 2. NATURE OF PLASMID

Question 55

cell to cell genetic transfer through conjugation, Responsible for synthesis of the sex pilus and for the synthesis of enzymes required for their transfer.

Answer 55

TRANSMISSIBLE

Question 56

empty of genes, thus unable to transfer

Answer 56

NON-TRANSMISSIBLE

Question 56

efers to a hair-like appendage found on the surface of some bacterial cells, particularly those of Gram-negative bacteria, These pili are involved in a process called conjugation

Answer 56

SEX PILI, or sex pilus

Question 57

3 factor of NATURE OF PLASMID;

Answer 57

1. F FACTOR 2. R FACTOR 3. COL FACTOR or Colicinogenic factor

Question 57

contains the genetic information, essential for controlling mating process of the bacteria during cojugatipn.

Answer 57

F FACTOR

Question 58

large plasmid molecular weight ? that contains R factor and are conjugated

Answer 58

mol. wt. 60 million

Question 59

it contains (mol. wt. 10 million) , “r” factor and non-conjugation.

Answer 59

SMALL PLASMID

Question 60

R factor consists of two components:

Answer 60

1. resistance transfer factor 2. r determinants

Question 61

is responsible for conjugational transfer

Answer 61

RESISTANCE TRANSFER FACTOR

Question 62

carries resistance for one of the several antibiotics

Answer 62

r determinants

Question 63

esembles the F factor in promoting conjugation, leading to self-transfer and also at times transfer of segments of chromosomes.

Answer 63

COL FACTORS

Question 64

The Col factor encodes for production of_____ ehich is lethal to other enteric bacteria.

Answer 64

Colicins

Question 65

Col factors also encode FOR PRODUCTION OF?

Answer 65

diphthericin and pyocyanin

Question 66

DIPTHERICIN is produce by?

Answer 66

Corynebacterium diphteriae

Question 67

PYOCYANIN- is produced by ?

Answer 67

Pseudomona pyocyanea