Chapter 6

Question 1

What is memory

Answer 1

The persistence of learning over time, through the storage and retrieval of information and skills

Question 2

What behaviors show that memory is functioning

Answer 2

Recall- fill in the blanks
Recognition- multiple choice
Relearning- a measure of how much less work it take you to learn information

Question 3

What are the three stages of the learning and memory process

Answer 3

Encoding- the information gets into out brains in a way that allows it to be stored (it is selective and prolific)
Storage- the information is held in a way that allows it to be later retrieved
Retrieval- reactivating and recalling the information, producing it in a form similar to what was encoded

Question 4

A path had to be taken to access a memory —-

Answer 4

The more the path is repeated the quicker retrieval is

Question 5

Long term memory is pulled—–

Answer 5

Into working memory( a copy is transferred then stored as a new memory)

Question 6

What are explicit, implicit and procedural memories

Answer 6

Explicit “declaritive” memories- facts and experiences that we can continously know and recall
Implicit memories- the one that we are not fully aware of and thus don’t “declare”/ talk about
Procedural memory- such as knowing how to ride a bike and well-practiced knowledge such as word meanings

Question 7

What are conditioned associations

Answer 7

Associations such as smells that triggers thoughts of a favorite place (goes with implicit memory)

Question 8

What is the difference between information about space, time and frequency

Answer 8

Space- such as being able to picture where things are after walking through a room
Time- such as retracing a sequence of events if you lost something
Frequency- such as thinking “I just noticed that this is the third texting driver ive passed today”

Question 9

What is sensory memory

Answer 9

The immediate, very brief recording or sensory, only hearing and sight, information before it is processed into short term or long term memory

Question 10

How much information can be placed in short term memory when focused and free from distractions

Answer 10

7 digits, 6 letters or 5 words

Question 11

What is short term memory (working memory)

Answer 11

The ability to hold information in our minds for a brief time and work with it

Question 12

What is the difference between episodic and semantic memory

Answer 12

Episodic- the ability to remember the episodes of our lives (ex. Recalling everything you did 2 days ago)
Semantic- our storehouse ot more or less permanent knowledge (ex. Meanings of words)

Question 13

What is collective memory

Answer 13

The kind of memory that people in a group share (ex. Family, community, schoolmates)

Question 14

What is autobiographical memory

Answer 14

Remembering specific events that have happened over the course of one’s entire life (ex your experiences in 6th grade) (relys more on personal perspective than episodic memory)

Question 15

What is distinctiveness

Answer 15

Having an event stand out as quite different from a background of similar events (this is a key yo remembering events)

Question 16

What is flashbulb memory

Answer 16

Coined by Brown and Kulik- states that highly detailed and vivid memory stems from an emotionally significant event

Question 17

What is recoding

Answer 17

Taking information from the form it is delivered to us and converting it in a way that we can make sense of (encoding always involves recoding) (can add information that was not in the initial encoding phase)

Question 18

What are Memory traces (engrams)

Answer 18

A term indicating the change in the nervous system representing an event (every experience we have changes our brains)

Question 19

What is consolidation

Answer 19

The process occurring after encoding that is believed to stabilize memory traces (the neural changes)

Question 20

Remembering is—– and isn’t——

Answer 20

Remembering is reconstructive- we reconstruct our past with the aid of memory traces
Remembering is not reproductive- a perfect reproduction or recreation of the past

Question 21

What is the difference between retroactive and proactive interferences

Answer 21

Retroactive- the phenomenon whereby events that occur after some particular event of interest will usually cause forgetting of the original event
Proactive- when past memories interfere with the encoding of new ones

Question 22

What is the misinformation effect

Answer 22

When incorrect information occurring after and eventually is remembered as having been part of the original event

Question 23

What is the difference between available and accessible information

Answer 23

Available- the information that is stored in memory; but precisely how much and what types are stored cannot be known
Accessible- retrievable information which is all that we can know of

Question 24

What is the encoding specificity principle

Answer 24

The hypothesis that a retrieval cue will only be effective as the extent to which the information encoded from said cue overlaps or matches the information in the memory trace

Question 25

What is cue Overload principle

Answer 25

Referred to be Watkins— to be effective, a retrieval cue cannot be overloaded with to many memories

Question 26

What is the testing effect/ retrieval practice effect

Answer 26

The act of retrieval itself makes the retrieved information much more likely to be retrieved again

Question 27

What is retrieval-induced forgetting

Answer 27

Retrieving some information can actually cause us to forget other information related to it

Question 28

retrieval practice (repetiton) can—–

Answer 28

Enhance accurate memories, just as it can strengthen errors or false memories

Question 29

What are mnemonic devices

Answer 29

A strategy for remembering large amounts of information, usually involving imaging events occurring on a journey or with some other set of memorized cues