Chapter 5

Question 1

0What are the two types of conditioning

Answer 1

Classical- learning to link two stimuli in a way that helps us anticipate an event to which we have a reaction to (one of the stimuli needs to be natural, like salivating)
Operant- changing behavior choices in response to a consequence

Question 2

What are the components of classical conditioning

Answer 2

UR- unconditional response (natural response)
US- Unconditioned stimulus (causes a response no matter what)
NS- Neutral stimulus (a stimulus with no conditioned response)
CS- Conditioned response ( a NS that is now conditioned to create a response like the US)
CR- conditioned response (a response to the CS, the UR becomes the CR)

Question 3

After conditioning the UR and NS —–

Answer 3

Become CR and CS, the US doesn’t change

Question 4

What is social learning theory

Answer 4

A gender role theory proposed by Albert Bandura that suggests gender roles are created through punishment, reinforcements, modeling

Question 5

What is observational learning

Answer 5

Learning by observing the behavior of others (is a component of social learning theory)

Question 6

What are social models

Answer 6

Typically of higher status of authority compared to the observer

Question 7

What are the four components that occurs in observational learning proposed by Albert Bandrua

Answer 7

Attention, retention, initiation, and motivation

Question 8

What is vicarious reinforcement

Answer 8

Learning that occurs by observing the reinforcement or punishment of another person

Question 9

What is blocking

Answer 9

Occurs in classical conditioning and suggests that adding a new CS to an already established CS and CR has no effect. (Suggests that information, suprise value, and or prediction error is important in conditioning

Question 10

What is prediction error

Answer 10

The chance that a CS won’t lead to the expected outcome

Question 11

What is Stimulus control

Answer 11

When an operant behavior is controlled by a stimulus that proceeds it. (Ex. Waiting at a traffic light, you know that Green means go but only turn when you have a green arrow)

Question 12

What is discrimitative stimulus

Answer 12

In operant conditioning, a stimulus that signals whether the response will be reinforced, it “sets the occasion” for the operant response. (Ex putting a canvas in front of an artist doesn’t elicit painting behavior, instead it sets the occasion (or allows) for painting to occur

Question 13

What is extinction

Answer 13

Refers to the diminishing of a CR (not erasing) when a CS presented consistently without the US

Question 14

What is spontaneous recovery

Answer 14

The return of a CR despite the lack of further conditioning (occurs after extinction)

Question 15

What is renewal effect

Answer 15

Recovery of an extinguished response that occurs when the context is changes, like location, after extinction. (If the CS is tested in a new context, the CR can also return

Question 16

What is Thorndikes law of effects

Answer 16

effects-behaviors followed by avorable consequences become more likely and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely. (Edward Thorndike discovered
this by using cats, placed in a puzzle bored

Question 17

What are reinforcements

Answer 17

Feedback from the environment that makes a behavior more likely to occur again
(Positive reinforcement- adds something desirable, like praise)
(Negative reinforcement- ending something unpleasant, like an annoying noise)

Question 17

Who is B.F Skinner

Answer 17

I’m regard to operant conditioning, he experimented with the effect of giving reinforcements in different patterns or “schedules” to determine what led to the best results.

Question 18

What are the two types of reinforcers

Answer 18

Primary reinforcer- a stimulus that meets a basic need or otherwise intrinsically desirable (food, sex, fun, attention, ect)
Secondary reinforcer- a stimulus which has become associated with a primary reinforcer, like money (need money to buy food)

Question 19

What is the difference between continuous and partial/intermitted reinforcement

Answer 19

Continuous- giving reinforcements every time, results in quicker results but less likely to maintain
Partial/intermitted- giving reinforcements sometimes, results in a slower results but maintains longer

Question 20

What is the difference between negative and positive punishment

Answer 20

Negative- taking away something desirable
Positive- adding something undesirable

Question 21

Who is Ivan Pavlov

Answer 21

The first to study classical conditioning with his experiment that contained a dog, a bell, and a bowl of saliva. (His experiment aided in our understanding of classical conditioning)

Question 22

What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning

Answer 22

Operant involves voluntary behaviors (active particpant)
And classical involves natural behaviors (passive participant)

Question 23

What is taste aversion conditioning

Answer 23

The phenomenon in which a taste is paired with sickness, which causes the individual to reject- and dislike- that taste in the future

Question 24

What is fear conditioning

Answer 24

A type of classical conditioning in which the CS is associated with an averisve US, such as a foot shock. As a consequence of learning, the CS comes to evoke fear. This is thought to be associated with the development of anxiety disorders

Question 25

What is conditioned compensatory response

Answer 25

Involved in classical conditioning and is when a CR that opposes, rather than the same as, the UR. In such cases it functions to reduce the strength of the UR.

Question 26

When do punishments work best

Answer 26

In natural settings, like getting burned from reaching into a fire. Less effective when artistically created.

Question 27

What is the quantitative law of effect

Answer 27

A mathematical rule that states that the effectiveness of a reinforcer at strengthening an operant response depends of the reinforcement earned for all alternative behaviors. A reinforcement is less effective if there is alot of reinfocers in the environment for other behaviors.

Question 28

What is the reinforcer devaluation effect

Answer 28

The finding that an animal will stop performing an instrumental response that once led to a reinforcer if the reinforcer is seperatly made averisve or undesirable

Question 29

What is a habit

Answer 29

An operant behavior that occurs automatically in the presence of a stimulus and is no longer by the animals knowledge of the value of the reinforcer. Insensitive to the reinforcer devaluation effect.

Question 30

What is the stimulus, outcome, response chart detail

Answer 30

Stimulus ➡️ Outcome = classical conditioning
Stimulus ➡️ Response = Habit
Response ➡️ Outcome = Operant conditioning
Stimulus ➡️ Operant conditioning = occassion setting

Question 31

What is interval schedule

Answer 31

We may schedule our reinforcement based on the amount of time that has gone by

Question 32

What is a ratio schedule

Answer 32

We plan for a certain ratio of rewards per number of instances of the desired behavior (like moving 10 boxes, time does not matter)

Question 33

What is the difference between a fixed and a variable schedule

Answer 33

Fixed- doesn’t change, predictable
Variable- fluctuates, not predictable

Question 34

What does the following entail- fixed ratio schedule (FR), Variable ratio schedule (VR), Fixed interval schedule (FI), Variable interval schedule (VI)

Answer 34

FR- every so many behaviors (ex, getting paid for every ten boxed you move)
VR- after an unpredictable amount of behaviors (ex. Hitting the jackpot sometimes on a slot machine)
FI- every so often (ex getting paid weekly regardless of the work)
VI- unpredictably often (ex checking the cell phone all day, only sometimes getting a message)