Test

Question 1

Who promoted empiricism (the idea that all knowledge comes from experience)

Answer 1

Thomas Reid and John Locke

Question 2

What did Thomas reid and John Locke’s work emphasize

Answer 2

The role of the human observed and the primacy of the sense on defining how the mind comes to aquire knowledge; these principles were taught as courses on mental and moral philosophy

Question 3

What did Thomas reid and John locke’s course teach

Answer 3

They taught about the mind based on the factualties of intellect, will and the senses

Question 4

What was Wilhelm Wundt credited for

Answer 4

The formal development of modern psychology

Question 5

Who helped to establish the field of experimental psychology by serving as a strong promoter of the idea that psychology could be an experimental field and by providing classes, textbooks, and a lab for training students

Answer 5

Wilhelm wundt

Question 6

What event and when, served as the popular date for the establishment of the science of psychology

Answer 6

In 1879 when Wilhelm Wundt created a laboratory experience to his lectures

Question 7

What is structuralism

Answer 7

A school of American psychology that sought to describe the consious elements of the mind (founded by Wilhelm Wundt)

Question 8

What were Wilhelm wundt’s students trained in and for what purpose

Answer 8

They were trained to offer detailed self reports of their reactions to various stimuli, a procedure known as introspection. The goal was to identify the elements of consciousness, awareness of ourselves and our environment.

Question 9

What did Wilhelm wundts work demonstrate

Answer 9

That the mind could be measured and the nature of consciousness could be revealed through scientific means

Question 10

Who was Sigmund Freud

Answer 10

He was the father of psychoanalysis and was famous for using case studys

Question 11

Who was Max Wertherimer

Answer 11

A psychologist who began gestalt psychology in Germany

Question 12

What is gestalt psychology

Answer 12

Wertheimer and his colleagues Kurt Koffka, Kurt Lewin, and Wolfgang Kohler believed that studying that whole of any experience was richer than studying individual aspects of that experience.

Question 13

What did the gestalt psychologists propose

Answer 13

That the mind often processes information simultaneously rather than sequentially

Question 14

Who invented the intelligence tests and what was their goal

Answer 14

Alfred Binet and his goal was to develop a test that would identify school children in need of educational support

Question 15

Who were influenced by Darwins evelutionary theory and were among a group that identified with functionalism

Answer 15

William James, G. Stanley Hall and James McKeen Cattell

Question 16

What is functionalism

Answer 16

A school of American psychology that focused on the utility of consciousness (founded by William james)

Question 17

What is correlational research

Answer 17

When scientists passively observe and measure phenomena, without intervening and changing behaviors like in experiments

Question 18

What methods are associated with qualitative designs

Answer 18

-Particiapnt observation- when a researcher embeds themselves in a group to study their dynamic
-Case studies- an intensive examination of specific individuals or specific contexts
-narrative analysis- the study of personal accounts and stories of people, groups, or cultures

Question 19

What is the quasi-experimental design

Answer 19

A research method were random assignment is not used. Instead rely on preexisting group memberships (ex. Married vs single)

Question 20

Who was Paul Broca

Answer 20

A surgeon who conducted an autopsy on a former patient who lost his speech; he identified the damaged part on the left side of the brain, which is know known as “Broca’s area”.

Question 21

What are the three components of a neuron

Answer 21

The axon, the soma, and dendrites

Question 22

What are the three types of neurons by use

Answer 22

-Sensory- recieve information IN about the world
-Motor- initiate instructions OUT, like movement and behavior
-Interneuron- processes information between sensory input and motor output

Question 23

A ____ allows an ion to pass through the cell membrane of a neuron

Answer 23

Ion Channel

Question 24

Three categories of neuron by structure

Answer 24

-Unipolar neuron- one axon, no dendrite
-bipolar neuron- one axon, one dendrite
-multipolar neuron- one axon, multi dendrites

Question 25

What is the axon

Answer 25

The part of the neuron that Carries the action potential and is the main source of output

Question 26

What is the soma

Answer 26

Call body of the neuron that contains the nucleus and genetic information and directs protein synthesis

Question 27

What is the synapse

Answer 27

The junction between the presynaptic terminal button of one neuron and the axon/dendrite of another

Question 28

What is the exictatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) and the inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

Answer 28

EPSP- Depolarizing current that causes the membrane potential to become more positive
IPSP- Hyperpolarizing current that causes the membrane potential to become more negative

Question 29

What is the difference between adaptions and natural selection

Answer 29

Adaptions- evolved solutions to problems that historically contributed to reproductive success
Natural selection- differential reproductive success as a consequence of differences in heritage attributes

Question 30

What is epigenetics

Answer 30

A process in which DNA itself is modified by environmental events, and those genetic changes transmitted to children

Question 31

What is Jean Piagets theory

Answer 31

The theory that development occurs through a sequence of discontinuous stages; sensorimotor stage, preoperational reasoning stage, concrete operations stage, formal operations

Question 32

What is the sensorimotor stage

Answer 32

Occurs from birth to 2y and is where children’s thinking is largely realized through their perceptions of the world and their interactions with it (related to object permanence task)

Question 33

What is the preoperational reasoning stage

Answer 33

Occurs 2y to 7y and is where children can represent objects through language and drawings but cannot solve logical reasoning problems like conservation problems

Question 34

What is the formal operations stage

Answer 34

Occurs from 11y-12y to death and is where children attain reasoning abilities similar to a mature adult which allows them to solve systematic scientific problems and others. Also can think abstractly.

Question 35

What is the concrete operations stage

Answer 35

Occurs from 7y to 12y and is when children can think logically about concrete situation but not engage in systematic scientific reasoning.

Question 36

What is object permanence task

Answer 36

Jean piagets task that suggests that infants below 9 months fail to search for an object that is removed from their sight and, if not allowed to search immediately for said object, act as if they do not know it continues to exist

Question 37

What are the contributions of Braumrind

Answer 37

He Is credited for authoritative parenting styles. A style characterized by (but reasonable) expectations for children’s behavior, good communication, warmth and nurturance, a d the use of reasoning (rather than coercion) as preferred responses to children’s misbehavior

Question 38

Who identified three critiera for successful aging and what are the criteria

Answer 38

Rowe and Kahn identified the following:
-avoiding diseases (ex smoking)
-maintaince of high physical and cognitive functioning
-acrive engagement in social and productive activities

Question 39

Who can be credited for the idea that parents provide more sensitive and affectionate care for easygoing and attractive babies than difficult ugly ones; which can later contribute to the infants cognitive development

Answer 39

Langlois (1995) and Van Den Boom and Hoeksma (1994)

Question 40

Who created the Convoy Model of Social Relations and what did it entail

Answer 40

Antonucci’s theory proposed that the social connections that people accumulate are held together by exchanges in social support (ex emotional); the frequency, types and reciprocity of social exchanges change with age

Question 41

What is theory of mind

Answer 41

Children’s growing understanding of the mental state that affect people’s behaviors; infants are aware at an early stage that people have different mental states, and this motivates them to try and figure out what they are feeling, thinking, etc.

Question 42

What is social learning theory

Answer 42

A theory that argues that gender roles are learned through reinforcement, punishment, and modeling.

Question 43

What was Mary Ainsworth known for

Answer 43

She devised an experiment called “strange situations”, in reaction to findings that infants form an emotional bond to its caregiver based on care received (security of attachment). “Strange situations” involved breif separation from the caregiver.

Question 44

What is the presynaptic terminal button

Answer 44

Small knobs located at the end of an axon that release chemicals called neurotransmitters