Chapter 7 Flashcards
Who is Herbert Simon
He argued that our decisions are bounded in their rationality
What is bounded rationality (framework)
Human beings try to make rational decisions (such as weighing the cost and benefits of a choice) but our cognitive limitations prevent us from being fully rational (bounded by time and cost constraints limit the quality and quantity of the information available)
What are biases
The systematic and predictable mistakes that influence everyone’s judgment
Who are Tversky and Kehneman
Their research provided critical information about specific biases that influence judgement
What are the biases: overconfident, anchoring and framing
Overconfident- the bias to have greater confidence in your judgement than is warranted
Anchoring- the bias to be affected by an initial anchor(piece of information), even if random, and to insufficiently adjust our judgments for the entirety of the decision
Framing- the bias to be systematically affected by the way in which information is presented (ex risk averisve when making decisions concerning gains and risk seeking when making decisions regarding losses)
What bounds did Thaler suggest, in 2000, that affected decision making not captured by the concept of bounded rationality
Willpower- the tendency to place greater weight on present concerns rather than that of future concerns
Self-interest- the systematic and predictable ways in which we care about the outcomes of others (ex. Giving others more commodity than necessary out of a desire to appear fair)
What are the decision making bounds ethnically and awareness
Ethnically- the systematic ways in which our ethics are limited in ways we ourselves are not aware of
Awareness- the systematic ways in which we fail to notice the obvious and important information that is available to us
Who are Stanovich and West
They created the distinction between system 1 and system 2 as a critical path to fixing our biases
System 1- our intuitive decision making system, which Is typically fast, automatic, effortless, implict and emotional
System 2- our more deliberative decision making system, which is slower, consious, effortful, explicit, and logical
What is common ground
Information that is shared by people who engage in a conversation (ex. Prior knowledge)
What is audience design
When speakers design their utterances for their audience by taking into account that audiences knowledge
What is the difference between lexicon and syntax
Lexicon- words and expressions
Syntax- grammatical rules got arranging words and expressions together
What is a situation model
A mental representation of an event, object, or situation constructed at the time of comprehending a linguistic description (ex. Your friend says they bought their dog a ball, you might picture them giving the dog the ball)
What is Pickering and Garrods theory
As you describe a situation using language, others begin to use similar words, Grammer, and many other aspects of language use (speech rate, accent, etc.) As you do so, similar situation models begin to be built in everyone’s minds
What is priming
The activation of certain thought or feeling that make them easier to think of and act upon (situation models are built in the mind through priming)
How important is gossiping
Very. It is how humans socialize, share their representations about the social world and regulate their social world (enlarge one’s ingrown against outgroups)
