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Osmoregulation Flashcards

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1
Q

the process of maintaining salt and water balance (osmotic balance)
across membranes within the body.

A

Osmoregulation

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2
Q

The fluids inside and surrounding cells are composed of (3)

A

water, electrolytes,
and nonelectrolytes.

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3
Q

is based largely on controlled movement of solutes between internal fluids and the external environment

A

Osmoregulation

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4
Q

expend energy to control water uptake and loss in a hyperosmotic or hypoosmotic environment

A

Osmoregulators

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5
Q

maintains the proper balance of electrolytes in the human body, despite external factors such as temperature, diet, and weather conditions

A

Osmoregulation

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6
Q

By diffusion of water or solutes, ____ ensures that optimal concentrations of electrolytes and non-electrolytes are maintained in cells, body tissues, and interstitial fluid

A

osmotic balance

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7
Q

Classification of aquatic animals on basis of Osmotic Regulation (2)

A

-Osmoconformer:
-Osmoregulators

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8
Q

internal osmolarity nears that of the external environment

A

Osmoconformer:

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9
Q

if external conditions change, internal osmolarity changes with it.

A

Osmoconformer:

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10
Q

Maintains internal osmolarity within an narrow range regardless of the external environment.

A

Osmoregulators

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11
Q

Types of Regulation of Blood Plasma (6)

A

-Osmotic regulation
-Osmotic conformer
-Ionic regulation
-Ionic conformity
-Volume regulation
-Volume conformity

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12
Q

maintains a constant or nearly constant osmotic pressure in the blood plasma

A

Osmotic regulation (osmoregulation)

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13
Q

the blood osmotic pressure always equals the osmotic pressure of the environmental water

A

Osmotic conformer

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14
Q

maintains of a constant or nearly constant concentration of an inorganic ion in the blood plasma.

A

Ionic regulation

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15
Q

allows the concentration of the ion in its blood plasma to match the concentration in its external environment

A

Ionic conformity

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16
Q

is the regulation of the total amount of water in a body fluid

A

Volume regulation

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17
Q

refers to completely passive changes

A

Volume conformity

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18
Q

Osmoregulation in different Organisms (2)

A
  • Osmoregulation in a saltwater fish
  • Osmoregulation in a freshwater fish
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19
Q

-Gain of water and salt ions from food and by drinking seawater

-Osmotic water loss through gills and other parts of body surface

A

Osmoregulation in a saltwater fish

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20
Q

-Excretion of salt ions from gills

-Excretion of salt ions and small amounts of water in scanty urine from kidneys

A

Osmoregulation in a saltwater fish

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21
Q

-Uptake of water and some ions in food
- Uptake of salt ions by gills

A

Osmoregulation in a freshwater fish

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22
Q

-Osmotic water gain through gills and other parts of body surface

-Excretion of large amounts of water in dilute urine from kidneys

A

Osmoregulation in a freshwater fish

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23
Q

Classification based on salt tolerance (2)

A

Stenohaline
Euryhaline

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24
Q

animals that can only tolerate a narrow range of salt Concentrations

A

Stenohaline

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25
animals that can tolerate widely variant osmolarities
Euryhaline
26
waste materials (?) excreted by animals (3)
-Ammonia -Urea -Uric Acid
27
Animals that excrete ____ need lots of water
nitrogenous wastes as ammonia
28
The liver of mammals and most adult amphibians converts ammonia to less toxic ____
urea
29
The ___ carries urea to the ___, where it is excreted
circulatory system; kidneys
30
Insects, land snails, and many reptiles, including birds mainly excrete ___
uric acid
31
___ is largely insoluble in water and can be secreted as a paste with little water loss
Uric acid s
32
Most excretory systems produce ___ by refining a filtrate derived from body fluids
urine
33
Key functions of most excretory systems: (4)
-Filtration: -Reabsorption: -Secretion: -Excretion:
34
: pressure-filtering of body fluids
Filtration
35
reclaiming valuable solutes
Reabsorption:
36
adding toxins and other solutes from the body fluids to the filtrate
Secretion:
37
removing the filtrate from the system
Excretion:
38
the functional units of the mammalian kidney (2)
Nephrons and associated blood vessels
39
___, the excretory organs of vertebrates, function in both excretion and osmoregulation
Kidneys
40
The mammalian excretory system centers on ____, which are also the principal site of water balance and salt regulation
paired kidneys
41
Each kidney is supplied with blood by a ___ and drained by a ___
renal artery; renal vein
42
Urine exits each kidney through a duct called the ___
ureter
43
Both ureters drain into a common ____
urinary bladder
44
mammalian kidney has two distinct regions:
outer renal cortex; inner renal medulla
45
the ___consists of a single long tubule and a ball of capillaries called the __
nephron; glomerulus
46
____occurs as blood pressure forces fluid from the blood in the ___ into the lumen of ____
Filtration; glomerulus ; Bowman’s capsule
47
The filtrate in ___ mirrors the concentration of solutes in blood plasma
Bowman’s capsule
48
From Bowman’s capsule, the filtrate passes through three regions of the nephron:
-proximal tubule -loop of Henle -distal tubule
49
Fluid from several nephrons flows into a _____
collecting duct
50
___ becomes urine as it flows throug the mammalian nephron and collecting duct
Filtrate
51
___ and ___ in the ____ change the filtrate’s volume and composition
Secretion and reabsorption in the proximal tubule
52
occurs as filtrate moves into the descending limb of the loop of Henle
Reabsorption of water
53
In the ____, salt diffuses from the permeable tubule into the interstitial fluid.
ascending limb of the loop of Henle
54
The ____ regulates the K+ and NaCl concentrations of body fluids
distal tubule
55
The ____ carries filtrate through the ___ to the ___ and reabsorbs NaCl.
collecting duct; medulla; renal pelvis;
56
The ___ conserves water by producing urine that is much more concentrated than body fluids.
mammalian kidney
57
Filtrates (7)
-H2O -Salts (NaCl and others) -HCO3– -H+ -Urea -Glucose; amino acids -Some drugs
58
The action and precise arrangement of the ___ and ___ are largely responsible for the osmotic gradient that concentrates the urine.
loops of Henle; collecting ducts
59
contribute to the osmolarity of the interstitial fluid, which causes reabsorption of water in the kidney and concentrates the urine
NaCl and urea
60
The collecting duct conducts filtrate through the ___, and more water exits the filtrate by __
osmolarity gradient; osmosis
61
diffuses out of the collecting duct as it traverses the inner medulla
Urea
62
form the osmotic gradient that enables the kidney to produce urine that is hyperosmotic to the blood
Urea and NaCl
63
The waste is collected in larger tubules and then leaves the kidney in the ____, which leads to the ___ where urine, the combination of waste materials and water, is stored.
ureter; bladder
64
The ___ contains sensory nerves, stretch receptors that signal when it needs to be emptied.
bladder
65
These signals create the urge to urinate, which can be voluntarily suppressed up to a limit.
sensory nerves and stretch receptors
66
The osmolarity of the urine is regulated by _____of water and salt reabsorption in the kidneys
nervous and hormonal control
67
Hormones that help regulate the needs of the body as well as the communication between the different organ systems. (7)
-epinephrine, -norepinephrine, -renin -angiotensin, -aldosterone, -anti-diuretic hormone -atrial natriuretic peptide
68
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine is produced in ____
Adrenal medulla
69
Renin is produced in
Kidney nephrons
70
Angiotensin is produced in
Liver
71
Aldosterone is produced in
Adrenal cortex
72
Anti-diuretic hormone (vasopressin is produced in
Hypothalamus (stored in the posterior pituitary)
73
Atrial natriuretic peptide is found in
Heart atrium
74
Can decrease kidney function temporarily by vasoconstriction
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
75
Increases blood pressure by acting on angiotensinogen
Renin
76
Angiotensin II affects multiple processes and increases blood pressure
Angiotensin
77
Prevents loss of sodium and water
Aldosterone
78
hormone that Prevents water loss
Anti-diuretic hormone (vasopressin
79
hormone that Decreases blood pressure by acting as a vasodilator and increasing glomerular filtration rate; decreases sodium reabsorption in kidneys
Atrial natriuretic peptide
80
Causes nephron distal tubules to reabsorb more Na* and water, which increases blood volume
Aldosterone
81
-Mediates insertion of aquaporins into nephron collecting duct cells; as a result, more water is reabsorbed into the blood -Increases sodium reabsorption in the medulla of the kidney
Anti-diuretic hormone (vasopressin
82
is a hormone antagonistic to the angiotensin pathway
ANP/ Atrial natriuretic peptide
83
Triggers release of other hormones
Angiotensin I
84
FLUID BALANCE is Controlled by ___ from the ___
ADH; post pituitary
85
ELECTROLYTE BALANCE Controlled by____ from the ___
Aldosterone; adrenal cortex
86
When the amount of water in the body is __, ADH secretion is ___, which increases the ____ from the distal convoluted tubule and collecting tubule, thereby secreting a small amount of concentrated (hypertonic) urine.
less; increased; reabsorption of water (facultative reabsorption);
87
When the water intake is ___, ADH secretion is __, which makes the DCT and collecting tubule ___ to water and a large amount of ___ is excreted
more; decreased; less permeable; dilute urine
88
The concentration of Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca+, Mg+, HCO3-; etc. is regulated by their ___ in the P.C.T.
increased or decreased reabsorption
89
.Calcium ion concentration is maintained by (2)
-CALCITONIN (thyroid gland) -PARATHORMONE (parathyroid gland).
90
a hormone secreted by the adrenal-gland helps in reabsorption of Nat by excreting K* in exchange, in the DCT & collecting tubule
ALDOSTERONE,
91
___ play a major role as an excretory organ in all vertebrates.
Kidneys
92
__ helps in elimination of urea; inorganic salts and water through sweat glands.
Skin
93
help in the elimination of CO, and H2O
Lungs
94
3 organs that help in the elimination of waste products
lungs, skin, kidney

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