Acids and Bases Flashcards by Jasmine Marta

contains only a single proton; not orbited by any electron; smallest ionic particle

Hydrogen ion (H+)

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normal H+ concentration in the extracellular fluid (ECF)

38 to 42 nM/L

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another term for H+ concentration that is generally used nowadays

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introduced in order to simplify the mathematical handling of large numbers

pH scale

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An ___ in H+ ion concentration ____ the pH (acidosis) and a ____ in H+
concentration ___ the pH (alkalosis).

increase, decreases;
reduction, increases

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the pH of the ECF of a healthy person and its range

7.40- pH
range: 7.38 and 7.42

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indirect method of determining pH

Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

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In Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, to determine the pH of a fluid, the concentration of ____ and the ____ dissolved in the fluid are measured

bicarbonate ions (𝐻𝐶𝑂3
−); 𝐶𝑂2

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pH of plasma is determined by using an instrument called

pH meter

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Normal acid-base ratio

1:20

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is an indirect measurement of H+ concentration and it
reflects the balance of 𝐶𝑂2 and 𝐻𝐶𝑂3 −.

pH of arterial blood

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two types of acids are produced in the body

Volatile acids
Non-volatile acids.

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acids derived from 𝐶𝑂2

Volatile acids

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Large quantity of 𝐶𝑂2 is produced during the
metabolism of ___ and ___

carbohydrates, lipids

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acids that are produced during the metabolism of other nutritive substances
such as proteins.

Non-volatile acids

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These acids are real threat to the acid-base status of the body

Non-volatile acids

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sulfuric acid is produced during the metabolism of sulfur containing amino acids such as (2)

cysteine and metheonine

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hydrochloric acid is produced during the metabolism of (3)

lysine, arginine and histidine

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Three mechanisms to regulate acid-base status

Acid-base buffer system
Respiratory mechanism
Renal mechanism

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compensatory mechanisms which binds free H+

Acid-base buffer system

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Compensatory Mechanisms which eliminates 𝐶𝑂2

Respiratory mechanism

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Compensatory Mechanisms which excretes H+ and conserves the bases (HCO3 –).

Renal mechanism

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Which compensatory mechanism is the fastest one and readjusts the pH within seconds

acid-base buffer system

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Which compensatory mechanism
readjusts the pH within minutes

respiratory mechanism

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Which compensatory mechanism is slower and takes few hours to few days to bring the pH back to normal; most powerful mechanism

renal mechanism

acid-base buffer system is the combination of a ______ and a ______

weak acid (protonated substance); base – the salt (unprotonated substance).

is the one, which acts immediately to prevent the changes in pH.

Buffer system

maintains pH by binding with free H+.

Buffer system

three types of buffer systems

 Bicarbonate buffer system  Phosphate buffer system  Protein buffer system.

This buffer system is present in ECF (plasma)

Bicarbonate buffer system

It consists of the protonated substance, carbonic acid (H2CO3) which is a weak acid and the unprotonated substance, HCO3 –, which is a weak base. HCO3 – is in the form of salt

Bicarbonate buffer system

prevents the fall of pH in a fluid to which a strong acid like hydrochloric acid (HCl) is added

Bicarbonate buffer system

also prevents the increase in pH in a fluid to which a strong base like sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is added.

Bicarbonate buffer system

Bicarbonate buffer system: a weak base and it prevents the increase in pH by the strong NaOH.

NaHCO3

____ is a very weak base, its association with H+ is poor

sodium bicarbonate

This buffer system is not powerful like the other buffer systems because of the large difference between the pH of ECF (7.4) and the pK of ___

bicarbonate buffer system (6.1)

this buffer system plays an important role in maintaining the pH of body fluids than the other buffer systems

Bicarbonate buffer system

concentration of two components (H𝐶𝑂3 – and 𝐶𝑂2) of this buffer system is regulated separately by two different mechanisms.

Bicarbonate buffer system

These two regulatory mechanisms from Bicarbonate buffer system operate constantly and simultaneously, making this system more effective

Concentration of H𝐶𝑂3- concentration of 𝐶𝑂2

Which organ regukates the mechanism? Concentration of H𝐶𝑂3 is regulated by ___ concentration of 𝐶𝑂3 is regulated by ___

Concentration of H𝐶𝑂3- kidney concentration of 𝐶𝑂3- respiratory system

Phosphate buffer system is composed of: (2)

- weak acid, the dihydrogen phosphate (H2PO4 – protonated substance) in the form of sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4) - the base, hydrogen phosphate (HPO4 – unprotonated substance) in the form of disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4).

This buffer system is useful in the intracellular fluid (ICF), in red blood cells or other cells.

Phosphate buffer system

When a strong acid like hydrochloric acid is mixed with a fluid containing phosphate buffer, _____ is formed.

sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4 – weak acid)

If a strong base such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is added to the fluid containing phosphate buffer, a weak base called _____ is formed.

disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4)

is more powerful than bicarbonate buffer system as it has a pK of ___, which is close to the pH of the body fluids

Phosphate buffer system ;6.8

bffer system that is useful in tubular fluids of kidneys

Phosphate buffer system

In the red blood cells, the ___ ion concentration is higher than the sodium ion concentration.

potassium

elements of phosphate buffer inside the red blood cells are in the form of ___ and ___

potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4); dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (K2HPO4).

this buffer systems are present in the blood; both in the plasma and erythrocytes.

Protein buffer systems

Elements of proteins, which form the weak acids in the plasma are: (3)

a. C-terminal carboxyl group, N-terminal amino group and side-chain carboxyl group of glutamic acid b. Side-chain amino group of lysine c. Imidazole group of histidine.

These buffer systems are more powerful because of their high concentration in plasma and because of their pK being very close to 7.4.

Protein buffer systems (plasma)

is the most effective protein buffer and the major buffer in blood.

Hemoglobin

Due to its high concentration than the plasma proteins, ___ has about six times more buffering capacity than the plasma proteins.

hemoglobin

The ___ hemoglobin is a more powerful buffer than ___ hemoglobin because of the higher pK.

deoxygenated; oxygenated

When a hemoglobin molecule becomes ___ in the capillaries, it easily binds with H+, which are released when ____ enters the capillaries.

deoxygenated; CO2

This organ plays an important role in the maintenance of acid-base balance by removing ___ which is produced during various metabolic activities in the body.

Lungs; CO2

CO2 combines with water to form ___

carbonic acid

Since carbonic acid is unstable, it splits into ___ and ___

H+ and 𝐻𝐶𝑂3-

CO2 is blown off by ___

ventilation.

When metabolic activities increase, more amount of ___ is produced in the tissues and the concentration of H+ ___

CO2; increases

Increased ___ concentration increases the pulmonary ventilation (hyperventilation) by acting through the ____.

H+; chemoreceptors

Due to ___, the excess of CO2 is removed from the body.

hyperventilation

Kidney maintains the acid-base balance of the body by the secretion of ___ and by the retention of ____.

H+; HCO3

Disturbances of Acid and Bases Status (2)

Acidosis Alkalosis

is the reduction in pH (increase in H + concentration) below normal range.

Acidosis

Acidosis is produced by (2)

1. Increase in partial pressure of CO2 in the body fluids particularly in arterial blood 2. Decrease in HCO3 – concentration

is the increase in pH (decrease in H+ concentration) above the normal range

Alkalosis

Alkalosis is produced by: (2)

1. Decrease in partial pressure of CO2 in the arterial blood 2. Increase in HCO3 – concentration.

Since the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in arterial blood is controlled by lungs, the acid-base disturbances produced by the change in arterial pCO2 are called the ____

respiratory disturbances.

disturbances in acid-base status produced by the change in HCO3 – concentration are generally called the ___

metabolic disturbances.

the acid-base disturbances are (4)

1. Respiratory acidosis 2. Respiratory alkalosis 3. Metabolic acidosis 4. Metabolic alkalosis.