Intergrative system (Part 2)

Question 1

Problems of Neurotransmitters (4)

Answer 1

• Neurons might not manufacture enough of a particular neurotransmitter
• Neurotransmitters may be reabsorbed too quickly
• Too many neurotransmitters may be deactivated by enzymes
• Too much of a particular neurotransmitter may be released

Question 2

Five important neurotransmitters include

Answer 2

dopamine,
serotonin, oxytocin,
norepinephrine, and
endorphins

Question 3

is a chemical substance produced and released by nonneural endocrine cells or by neurons

Answer 3

hormone

Question 4

it exerts regulatory influences on the function of other, distant cells reached via the blood; and it is effective at very low concentrations

Answer 4

hormone

Question 5

Hormones released by neurons are often referred to as ___, and the neurons as ____ or ___

Answer 5

neurohormones;
neuroendocrine, neurosecretory cells.

Question 6

Secretory cells may be organized into discrete organs termed ___

Answer 6

endocrine glands

Question 7

Classification of Hormone (3)

Answer 7

-Steroid hormones
-Peptide and protein hormones
-Amine hormones

Question 8

hormones that are synthesized from cholesterol

Answer 8

Steroid hormones

Question 9

examples of steroid hormones (3)

Answer 9

steroids
cortisol
aldosterone

Question 10

hormones that are are structured from chains of amino acids

Answer 10

Peptide and protein hormones

Question 11

examples of Peptide and protein hormones (5)

Answer 11

-antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
-atrial-natriuretic peptide
-FSH
-insulin
-growth hormone

Question 12

hormones that are modified amino acids; synthesized from tryptophan or tyrosine

Answer 12

Amine hormones

Question 13

examples of amine hormones (6)

Answer 13

-Melatonin
-thyroid
-catecholamines
-epinephrine
-norepinephrine
-dopamine

Question 14

Types of Endocrine Cells (2)

Answer 14

Epithelial endocrine cells
Neurosecretory cells

Question 15

In mammalian hypothalamus, the ___and ____, produce ___ and __ and are released into the blood in the ___

Answer 15

paraventricular nuclei, supraoptic nuclei
oxytocin; vasopressin
pars nervosa

Question 16

The hypothalamus–posterior pituitary connection illustrates one form of control of endocrine function: _______

Answer 16

neural control ofneurosecretory cells.

Question 17

which group of Anterior pituitary hormones exert their principal effects on nonendocrine tissues? Give examples (3)

Answer 17

first group;
-Growth hormone (GH)
-prolactin
-melanocytestimulating hormone (MSH).

Question 18

which group of Anterior pituitary hormones includes hormones that control other endocrine glands? Give an example

Answer 18

second group;
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)/ thyrotropin

Question 19

The _____ is a neurohemal organ in which the axons of several populations of hypothalamic neurosecretory cells terminate.

Answer 19

median eminence

Question 20

These cells produce neurohormones that control the secretions of specific groups of anterior pituitary cells.

Answer 20

median eminence

Question 21

Some hypothalamic neurohormones stimulate secretion of hormones and are called ____

Answer 21

releasing hormones (RHs).

Question 22

____inhibit secretion of anterior pituitary hormones.

Answer 22

inhibiting hormones (IHs)

Question 23

as providing an interface between the brain and much of the endocrine system.

Answer 23

Hypothalamo–hypophysial portal system

Question 24

The ____ is an extension of the brain

Answer 24

posterior pituitary;

Question 25

The _____although not part of the brain—is under the control of the brain and regulates the functions of many other tissues, including several endocrine glands

Answer 25

anterior pituitary—

Question 26

A ____ can result from a permeability increase or a permeability decrease.

Answer 26

synaptic potential