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Gen Physiology > Integrative system (Part 1) > Flashcards

Integrative system (Part 1) Flashcards

1
Q

refers to processes—such a
summation and coordination— that produce coherency and result in harmonious function.

A

Integration

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2
Q

refers to the selective combination and processing
of sensory, endocrine, and central nervous system (CNS) information in ways that promote the harmonious functioning of the whole.

A

Whole-animal integration

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3
Q

The ___ sets the level of a variable (temperature, blood pressure, muscle force, and so on) that is being controlled.

A

control system

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4
Q

____is a cell that is specially adapted to generate an electrical signal—most often in the form of a brief, self-propagating impulse called an ____—that travels from place to place in the cell.

A

neuron; action potential

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5
Q

A neuron receives input—signals from other neurons or sensory cells—at specialized cell–cell contact points called ___

A

synapses.

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6
Q

____ – nucleus and metabolic center of the cell

A

Cell body

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7
Q

____ – fibers that extend from the cell body (dendrites and axons)

A

Processes

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8
Q

___ – relay sensory signals to integrative centers of the CNS

A

Afferent Neuron

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9
Q

____ – relay control signals (instructions) from the CNS to target cells that are under nervous control, such as muscle cells or secretory cells

A

Efferent Neuron

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10
Q

release hormones into the blood

A

Endocrine cells

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11
Q

Endocrine control has two essential features:

A

slow; broadcast.

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12
Q

______ such as neurons, muscle fibers, and a few others can generate electrical signals.

A

Excitable cells

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13
Q

are one of the most important kinds of electrical signals underlying the integrative activity of nervous systems.

A

Action potentials

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14
Q

_____result from voltage-dependent changes in membrane
permeabilities to ions

A

Action potentials

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15
Q

An ____ is initiated by a change in the resting membrane potential, specifically by a ____ sufficiently strong to open the voltage-gated channels.

A

action potential; depolarization

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16
Q

results from intense, localized increases in permeabilities to specific ions

A

action potential

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17
Q

Action potentials are propagated along the axons of neurones via ___

A

local currents

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18
Q

____ induce depolarisation of the adjacent axonal membrane.

A

Local currents

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19
Q

areas of the membrane that have recently depolarised will not depolarise again due to the ____

A

refractory period

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20
Q

The ability to store charge

A

Membrane Capacitance

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21
Q

The lower capacitance results in a ___ before the threshold is no longer reached.

A

greater distance

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22
Q

This depends on the number of ion channels open.

A

Membrane Resistance

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23
Q

The ___ the number of channels open, the ___ membrane resistance is

A

lower; greater

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24
Q

The ___ controls predominantly the fine, rapid movements of discrete muscles, the ____ typically controls more widespread, prolonged activities such as metabolic changes.

A

nervous system; endocrine system

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25
Q

is a specialized site of contact of a neuron with another neuron.

A

Synapse

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26
Q

Neurons are typically separated by a ___ (nm) space called the ___

A

20- to 30-nanometer; synaptic cleft.

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27
Q

a presynaptic signal—usually an action potential— affects a postsynaptic cell.

A

Synaptic transmission

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28
Q

Refers to the ability to change the functional properties of synapses.

A

Synapse Transmission

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29
Q

can change the synapse itself to make it stronger or weaker, and they can also produce long-lasting changes
in postsynaptic cell

A

Synaptic actions

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30
Q

A___can work chemically or electrically.

A

synapse

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31
Q

can act immediately and directly on the membrane potential of the postsynaptic cell, or they can have indirect and longer-lasting effects

A

Synapses

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32
Q

electric currents from one cell flow directly into the next cell, changing its membrane potential

A

Electrical Synapse

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33
Q

electrical synapses are found in ____ where speed is most important, and where synchronous activity of several cells is an advantage

A

nervous systems

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34
Q

The major structural specialization for electrical transmission is the

A

gap junction

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35
Q

is a specialized locus where protein channels bridge the gap between two cells, directly connecting their cytoplasm.

A

Gap Junction

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36
Q

provide a low-resistance path for current flow, electrically coupling the cells that they join.

A

Gap junctions

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37
Q

These receptors produce fast changes in membrane potential (depolarization or hyperpolarization) by directly increasing permeability to ions

A

Ionotropic receptors

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38
Q

These receptors have relatively slow, long-lasting modulatory effects on synaptic processes

A

Metabotropic receptors

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39
Q

These receptors trigger a signaling cascade of second messengers in the postsynaptic cell

A

Metabotropic receptors

40
Q

is an increase in the probability that a cell will generate an impulse

A

Excitation

41
Q

____causes an increase in the impulse frequency.

A

Excitation

42
Q

is a decrease in the probability of impulse generation or a decrease in impulse frequency.

A

Inhibition

43
Q

are chemical messengers that carry, boost, and balance signals between neurons

A

Neurotransmitters

44
Q

Small-molecule transmitters, like ___ and _____, typically act directly on neighboring cells.

A

dopamine; glutamate

45
Q

The _____, small molecules like ___ and ___, work more subtly, modulating, or adjusting, how cells communicate at the synapse

A

neuropeptides; insulin, oxytocin

46
Q

Criteria Neurotransmitter (4)

A

-Presence of the chemical within cell
-Stimulus-dependent release
-Action on the postsynaptic cell
-mechanism for removal

47
Q

The chemical must be released by the ___, and the ____ must contain receptors that the chemical will bind to

A

presynaptic neuron; postsynaptic neuron

48
Q

Classification of Neurotransmitter (3)

A

-Excitatory Neurotransmitters
-Inhibitory Neurotransmitters
-Modulatory Neurotransmitters

49
Q

These types of neurotransmitters increase the likelihood that the neuron will fire an action potential.

A

Excitatory Neurotransmitters

50
Q

major excitatory neurotransmitters include ___ and ___

A

epinephrine; norepinephrine

51
Q

These types of neurotransmitters decrease the likelihood that the neuron will fire an action potential

A

Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

52
Q

major inhibitory neurotransmitters include ___ and ___

A

serotonin; gammaaminobutyric acid (GABA)

53
Q

these types of neurotransmitters are capable of affecting a larger number of neurons at the same time

A

Modulatory Neurotransmitters/ neuromodulators

54
Q

these types of neurotransmitters influence the effects of other chemical messengers

A

Modulatory Neurotransmitters

55
Q

These types of neurotransmitters diffuse across a larger area and are more slow-acting.

A

Modulatory Neurotransmitters/ Neuromodulators

56
Q

Neurotransmitters that act as neuromodulators include (5)

A

acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, histamine,cannabinoids

57
Q

Categories of Neurotransmitter (6)

A

-Amino Acids
-Peptides
-Monoamines
-Purines
-Gasotransmitter
-Acetylcholine

58
Q

Categories of neurotransmitters: amino acids (2)

A

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Glutamate

59
Q

This naturally occurring amino acid acts as the body’s main inhibitory chemical messenger.

A

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

60
Q

contributes to vision and motor control, also playing a role in the regulation of anxiety.

A

GABA

61
Q

are used to help treat anxiety, function by increasing the efficiency of GABA neurotransmitters, which can increase feelings of relaxation and calm.

A

Benzodiazepines

62
Q

The most plentiful neurotransmitter found in the nervous system; plays a role in cognitive functions such as memory and learning.

A

Glutamate

63
Q

Excessive amounts of glutamate can cause ___ resulting in cellular death.

A

excitotoxicity

64
Q

This excitotoxicity caused by glutamate build-up is associated with some diseases and brain injuries including ___ , ___, and ___

A

Alzheimer’s disease, stroke, epileptic seizures

65
Q

Categories of neurotransmitters: Peptides (2)

A

Oxytocin
Endorphins

66
Q

This powerful hormone acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain.

A

Oxytocin

67
Q

It is produced by the hypothalamus and plays a role in social recognition, bonding, and sexual reproduction

A

Oxytocin

68
Q

Synthetic oxytocin such as ___ is often used as an aid in labor and delivery.

A

Pitocin

69
Q

Both ___ cause the uterus to contract during labor

A

oxytocin and Pitocin

70
Q

These neurotransmitters inhibit the transmission of pain signals and promote feelings of euphoria.

A

Endorphins

71
Q

These chemical messengers are produced naturally by the body in response to pain, but they can also be triggered by other activities such as aerobic exercise.

A

Endorphins

72
Q

Categories of neurotransmitters: Monoamines (5)

A

-Epinephrine
-Norepinephrine
-Histamine
-Dopamine
-Serotonin

73
Q

Also known as adrenaline, it is considered both a hormone and a neurotransmitter.

A

Epinephrine

74
Q

Generally, ____ is a stress hormone that is released by the adrenal system; However, it functions as a neurotransmitter in the brain.

A

epinephrine

75
Q

This naturally occurring chemical is a neurotransmitter that plays an important role in alertness and is involved in the body’s fight-or-flight response.

A

Norepinephrine

76
Q

Its role is to help mobilize the body and brain to take action in times of danger or stress

A

Norepinephrine

77
Q

Levels of this neurotransmitter are typically lowest during sleep and highest during times of stress.

A

Norepinephrine

78
Q

This organic compound acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain and spinal.

A

Histamine

79
Q

It plays a role in allergic reactions and is produced as part of the immune system’s response to pathogens.

A

Histamine

80
Q

Commonly known as the feel-good neurotransmitter; involved in reward, motivation, and additions.

A

Dopamine

81
Q

This chemical messenger also plays an important role in the coordination of body movements.

A

Dopamine

82
Q

is a degenerative disease that results in tremors and motor movement impairments, is caused by the loss of dopamine-generating neurons in the brain.

A

Parkinson’s disease

83
Q

A hormone and neurotransmitter, ____ plays an important role in regulating and modulating mood, sleep, anxiety, sexuality, and appetite

A

serotonin

84
Q

are a type of antidepressant medication commonly prescribed to treat depression, anxiety, panic disorder, and panic attacks.

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

85
Q

__ work to balance serotonin levels by blocking the reuptake of serotonin in the brain, which can help improve mood and reduce feelings of anxiety.

A

SSRIs

86
Q

Categories of neurotransmitters: Purines (2)

A

Adenosine
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

87
Q

This naturally occurring chemical acts as a neuromodulator in the brain and is involved in suppressing arousing and improving sleep.

A

Adenosine

88
Q

Considered to be the energy currency of life, ___ acts as a neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems

A

ATP

89
Q

plays a role in autonomic control, sensory transduction, and communication with glial cells.

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

90
Q

Research suggests it may also have a part in some neurological problems including pain, trauma, and neurodegenerative disorders.

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

91
Q

Categories of neurotransmitters: Gasotransmitter (2)

A

Nitric oxide
Carbon monoxide

92
Q

This compound plays a role in affecting smooth muscles, relaxing them to allow blood vessels to dilate and increase blood flow to certain areas of the body.

A

Nitric oxide

93
Q

This colorless, odorless gas can have toxic and potentially fatal effects when people are exposed to high levels of the substance

A

Carbon monoxide

94
Q

it is also produced naturally by the body where it acts as a neurotransmitter that helps modulate the body’s inflammatory response

A

Carbon monoxide

95
Q

This is the only neurotransmitter in its class. Found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems, it is the primary neurotransmitter associated with motor neurons.

A

Acetylcholine

96
Q

It plays a role in muscle movements as well as memory and learning

A

Acetylcholine

Gen Physiology (6 decks)

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