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Revision > Muscle > Flashcards

Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

which muscle types are controlled by the autonomic nervous system

A

cardiac and smooth

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2
Q

which muscle type is responsible for voluntary movement of the skeleton

A

skeletal muscle

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3
Q

other than voluntary movement of the skeletal, what else is skeletal muscle functioning for

A

subconscious movement like balance and posture

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4
Q

what type of cells are found in the skeletal muscle fibres

A

elongated cylindrical cells

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5
Q

describe the nuclei of skeletal muscle cells

A

peripherally located, multiple

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6
Q

what is the main tissue type in skeletal muscles

A

skeletal muscle fibres

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7
Q

other than the skeletal muscle tissue, what other tissues compose skeletal muscles

A

nervous tissue
blood vessels
connective tissues

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8
Q

what are fascicles wrapped by

A

perimysium

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9
Q

what are individual muscle fibres wrapped by

A

endomysium

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10
Q

what are muscles wrapped by

A

epimysium

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11
Q

what kind of connective tissue is perimysium

A

loose

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12
Q

what is the cell structure of skeletal muscle specialised for

A

contraction

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13
Q

what makes up each individual muscle fibre

A

numerous myofibrils

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14
Q

what gives rise to the striated appearance of skeletal muscle

A

the arrangement of the myofibrils

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15
Q

what are myofibrils composed of

A

myofilaments

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16
Q

what are the dark bands on myofibrils

A

myosin

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17
Q

what are the light bands on myofibrils

A

actin

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18
Q

what bisects the actin binds

A

z lines

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19
Q

what is the function of z lines

A

to divide each myofibril into contractile units called sarcomeres

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20
Q

what are sarcomeres

A

contractile units of skeletal muscle tissue

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21
Q

how do sarcomeres contract

A

sliding filament mechanism

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22
Q

what innervates skeletal muscle

A

somatic motor neurons

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23
Q

what is the ratio of neuron to muscle fibre

A

an individual motor neuron can innervate several fibres

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24
Q

what is a motor unit

A

the combination of a single motor neuron together with all the muscle fibres

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25
Q

what is the chemical messenger of neuronal action potential in skeletal muscle

A

acetylcholine

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26
Q

where is the neuronal action potential converted to acetylcholine

A

at the neuromuscular junction

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27
Q

what stimulates the action potential in muscle fibres

A

detection of acetylcholine at the reeptors on the muscle fibres

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28
Q

describe excitation contraction coupling

A

the neuronal action potential is converted to acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction which is detected by the receptors on the muscle fibres to stimulate actiokn potential in the fibres

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29
Q

what is the sarcolemma

A

outer membrane continous with the extracellular space that forms t tubules by invaginating into the sarcoplasm

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30
Q

what is the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

modified smooth endoplasmic reticulum containing calcium ions

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31
Q

which elements of muscle fibres work together to support the contraction of sarcomeres

A

the sarcolemma and the sarcoplasmic reticulum

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32
Q

what is the function of cardiac muscle

A

continuous autonomic contraction of the heart in order to pump blood through the cardiovascular system

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33
Q

describe cardiac muscle cells

A

elongated and branched cylindrical cells

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34
Q

how many nuclei are found within cardiac muscle cells

A

one or two

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35
Q

where are cardiac muscle cell nuclei located

A

centrally

36
Q

what are the three layers of the heart wall

A

pericardium
myocardium
endocardium

37
Q

what is the pericardium

A

outer layer, supportive function

38
Q

what is the myocardium

A

middle layer composed of cardiac muscle tissue

39
Q

what is the endocardium

A

inner layer composed of endothelial cells

40
Q

what are cardiomyocytes

A

cardiac muscle cells

41
Q

what are intercalated discs

A

specialised intercellular junctions that anchor the cardiomyocytes together

42
Q

where are intercalated dics found

A

cardiac muscle

43
Q

what other tissues are found in cardiac muscle besides the cardiomyocytes

A

reticular connective tissue and a rich capillary network

44
Q

what are the similarities that cardiac muscle shares with skeletal muscle

A
  • both striated due to the sarcomere arrangement
  • t tubules, SR, glycogen and lipids
  • numerous mitochondria
  • sliding filament mechanism
45
Q

what are the differences between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle

A
  • involuntary contraction
  • the SR are different, as there is slow leakage of calcium ions
  • conducting system
  • intercalated discs
46
Q

describe the conducting system of the heart

A
  • action potential is initiated at the sinoatrial node
  • this makes the left and right atria contract
  • intercalated discs and gap junctions facilitate the propagation of these electrical impules to contract the myocardial cells
  • myocardial cells contract due to action potential
47
Q

what are the nodal tissues of the heart

A

the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes

48
Q

what do nodal tissues of the heart do

A

generate action potentials

49
Q

what do conducting fibres do

A

conduct the action potentials

50
Q

what are the conducting fibres of the heart

A

internodal and interatrial conduction pathways, bundle of his, bundle branches and subendocardiac branches (purkinje fibres)

51
Q

what supplies the sinoatrial node

A

the sinoatrial node branch of the right coronoary artery

52
Q

describe the intratrial conduction pathway

A

the sinoatrial node supplies impulses and this is then conducted to the atria

53
Q

what is the atrioventricular node

A

the secondary pacemaker of the heart

54
Q

what are purkinje fibres

A

the subendocardiac branches

55
Q

describe the order of events of the conducting system in the heart

A

Impulse starts at the SA node → internodal and interatrial conduction pathways → AV node → AV bundle (of His) → bundle branches → subendocardiac branches

56
Q

what does sympathetic innervation do the heart

A

increase the rate of the sinoatrial node activity ie increase heart rate

57
Q

what is the parasympathetic effect on the heart

A

decrease heart rate by decreasing the activity of the sinoatrial node

58
Q

where is the sinoatrial node on the heart

A

near the opening of the superior vena cava

59
Q

what are P cells

A

the pacemaker cells of the sinoatrial nodethat contain both cholinergic and adrenergic receptors to respond to neurotransmiters released by the surrounding autonomic ganglion

60
Q

which section of the heart is the location for the internodal conduction pathway

A

right atrium

61
Q

what is the bundle of his

A

the initial segment of the atrioventricular node that penetrates through the fibrous trigone into the interventricular septum

62
Q

what is the function of the av node of his

A

transmission of electrical impulse from the atrioventricular node to the purkinje fibres of the ventricles

63
Q

what does the voluntary contraction of skeletal muscle occur via

A

motor neuronal stimulation

64
Q

what does the involuntary contraction of cardiac muscle occur via

A

spontaenous contractile ability and rate of inherent rhythm

65
Q

what allows the cardiac muscle contratile ability to be spontaneous

A

the pacemaker cells of the sinoatrial node and the slow release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

66
Q

what allows the rate of inherent rhythm of the cardiac conduction system

A

autonomic nervous stimulation and hormonal stimulation

67
Q

what is the function of smooth muscle

A

continuous contraction of hollow organs to stimulate peristalsis

68
Q

what is peristalsis

A

propelling of lumen contents

69
Q

what is the structure of the smooth muscle cells

A

elongated, spindle shaped. tapered ends

70
Q

describe the nuclei of smooth muscle cells

A

single and centrally located

71
Q

are there sarcomeres in smooth muscle

A

no

72
Q

why does smooth muscle not have striations

A

no sarcomeres

73
Q

describe the GIT tract

A

muscular tube functioning in peristalsis

74
Q

what are the layers of the gastrointestinal tract, from the inside out

A

lumen
epithelium
lamina propria
muscularis mucosae
submucosa
muscularis propria (inner circular and outer longitudinal)
adventitia

75
Q

what lines the gastrointestinal tract

A

mucous membrane

76
Q

what is the arrangement of layers in the GIT specialised for

A

peristalsis

77
Q

what is the function of the inner circular layer

A

constrict lumen diameter

78
Q

what is the function of the outer longitudinal layer

A

shorten the length of the GIT

79
Q

what do the two muscularis propria layers function together to do

A

squeeze food through the GIT

80
Q

what modulates the intensity of peristalsis

A

parasympathetic ganglia

81
Q

do smooth muscle tissues contain myosin and actin

A

yes

82
Q

are there myofibrils and sarcomeres in smooth muscle

A

no

83
Q

how are actin and myosin in smooth muscle arranged

A

criss cross lattice

84
Q

what is the function of dense bodies

A

anchor the actin and myosin to the cytoplasm and cell membrane, bind together the smooth muscle cells to transmit the contractile forces from cell to cell

85
Q

what is desmin

A

intermediate filaments of smooth muscle tissue

86
Q

how does the shape of smooth muscle change from relaxation to contracted

A

goes from elongated to shortened and globular

87
Q
A

Revision (48 decks)

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