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Revision > The Abdomen - further reading > Flashcards

The Abdomen - further reading Flashcards

1
Q

how is the abdomen separated from the thorax above it

A

the diaphragm

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2
Q

which structure is continuous with the abdomen

A

the pelvis

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3
Q

which structures pass through the diaphragm to become part of the abdomen

A

aorta
oesophagus
inferior vena cava

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4
Q

what is the pelvic inlet

A

arbitrary plane sloping down and forward through which run the small and large intestine, uterers and several vessels and nerves

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5
Q

roughly describe the route of the nerves and vessels in the abdominal wall

A

run between the muscles to supply all the layers from the skin to the parietal peritoneum

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6
Q

how do the abdominal wall muscles change

A

when they accomodate to volume changes of the abdominal and pelvic hollow organs, increase the intra abdominal pressure during forced expiration and straining and produce movements of the lumbar spine

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7
Q

what do the upper abdominal organs move with

A

the diaphragm
in responses to change in body position

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8
Q

does the peritoneum line the diaphragm

A

only its undersurface

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9
Q

describe intraperitoneal organs

A
  • almost completely covered in peritoneum
  • sttached by double layers of peritoneum
  • stomach, jejunum, ileum and liver
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10
Q

what are some examples of mesenteries

A

mesentery of the small intestine and the falciform ligament of the liver

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11
Q

what is the greater omentum

A

fold of peritoneum that hangs down from the stomach

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12
Q

do retroperitoneal structures have mesenteries

A

no

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13
Q

where are retroperitoneal organs usually covered by peritoneum

A

they are only partially covered and it usually on the anterior surface

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14
Q

what are the intraperitoneal organs

A

stomach jejunum ileum and liver

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15
Q

what are the retroperitoneal organs

A

pancreas and kidneys

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16
Q

which artery supplies the abdomen

A

the aorta

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17
Q

describe the route of the aorta in supplying the abdomen

A

descends in the midline and bifurcates

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18
Q

what forms the common iliac arteries that supply the legs and feet

A

the abdominal aorta

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19
Q

how many branches does the aorta split into to supply the abdomen

A

three

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20
Q

what are the three branches the aorta divides into the supply the abdomen

A

coeliac trunk
superior mesenteric artery
inferior mesenteric artery

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21
Q

what does the coeliac trunk supply

A
  • stomach
  • proximal duodenum
  • liver
  • gall bladder
  • spleen
  • part of the pancreas
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22
Q

what does the superior mesenteric artery supply

A
  • remainder of the pancreas, small intestine, large intestine as far as the transverse colon
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23
Q

what does the inferior mesenteric artery supply

A

descending
sigmoid colon
rectum

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24
Q

which branch of the aorta supplies the foregut

A

coeliac trunk

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25
Q

which branch of the aorta supplies the midgut

A

superior mesenteric artery

26
Q

which branch of the aorta supplies the hindgut

A

inferior mesenteric artery

27
Q

which vessels supply the supraadrenal glands, kidneys, gonads and abdominal walls

A

paired branches arising from the aorta

28
Q

do both renal veins join the vena cava directly

A

no the left hand side is longer and receives blood from the suprarenal and gonodal veins too

29
Q

how is blood from the spleen stomach and intestines drained

A

via the portal venous system to the liver, and then the inferior vena cava by way of hepatic veins

30
Q

what are all the branches of the aorta

A

coeliac
superior mesenteric
inferior mesenteric
renal
gonodal
bifurcates to common iliac, which branches to external and internal to go into the legs and form the femoral artery

31
Q

which artery supplies the spleen

A

coeliac trunk

32
Q

what are the branches of the vena cava

A

hepatic
renal
gonodal
inferior vena cava
the iliac and femoral
portal
splenic
inferior mesenteric
superior mesenteric

33
Q

describe the innervation of the abdominal viscera

A

autonomic, both sympathetic and parasympathetic plexuses around the blood vessels. particularly innervation is found around the aorta and its branches.
thoracic splanchic nerves pierce the diaphragm close to its aortic opening
parasympathetic fibres travel in the vagus nerve and supply the stomach, liver and biliary system, small intestine and proximal part of the large intestine
distal portion of the colon is supplied by parasymapthetic nerves from the sacral segements of the spinal cords

34
Q

what supplies the distal portion of the colon

A

parasympathetic nerves from the sacral segments of the spinal cord

35
Q

what supplies the stomach, liver and biliary system, small intestine and proximal part of the large intestine

A

vagus nerve

36
Q

what are the thoracic splanchic nerves

A

branches of the thoracic portion of the sympathetic trunk

37
Q

which muscles are found in the abdomen

A

external oblique
internal oblique
transversus abdominis
rectus abdominis

38
Q

what is the rectus sheath

A

rectus abdominus is enclosed in a sheath formed by the aponeuroses of the flat abdominal muscles. anterior wall of the sheath is anchored to the tendinous intersections, covering the entire length of the muscle

39
Q

what are the actions of the rectus abdominis

A

flex the lumbar spine

40
Q

what are the actions of the oblique muscles

A

lateral flexion and rotation of the trunk

41
Q

what are the collective actions of the abdominal muscles

A

increase the intra abdominal pressure and if the respiratory passages are open, the diaphragm is pushed upward as in forced expiration, sneezing and coughing

42
Q

when does increased abdominal pressure occur

A

with the airway closed when lifting heavy objects of during defecation, childbirth and vomiting

43
Q

what is the round ligament of the liver a remnant of

A

the left umbilical vein

44
Q

what is the deepest layer of the abdominal wall

A

parietal peritoneum

45
Q

what are the skin, muscles and parietal peritoneum of the anterior abdominal wall innervated by

A

the lower six thoracic nerves and the first lumbar nerve

46
Q

what are the branches of the first lumbar nerve

A

iliohypogastric and iliolingual nerves

47
Q

describe the blood supply of the abdominal wall

A

superior and inferior epigastric arteries

48
Q

where is the round ligament of the liver contained

A

in a large fold of peritoneum, the falciform ligament, which attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and the diaphragm

49
Q

what are the retroperitoneal organs included as

A

ascending and descending colon
kidneys
uterers
suprarenal glands
most of the pancreas
most of the duodenum

50
Q

which structures are found posterior to the peritoneum

A

aorta and its branches and the inferior vena cava

51
Q

which nerves innervate the parietal peritoneum of the abdominal wall

A

lower thoracic and first lumbar nerves

52
Q

which nerves innervate the peritoneum covering the periphery of the diaphragm

A

thoracic nerves

53
Q

which nerves innervate the peritoneum on the central part of the diaphragm

A

phrenic nerves

54
Q

what suspends most of the organs within the abdominopelvic cavity

A

mesenteries

55
Q

what do mesenteries consist of

A

double layers of peritoneum containing the vessels and nerves of the intra peritoneal organs

56
Q

what are the omenta

A

the mesenteries of the stomach

57
Q

what connects the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver

A

the lesser omentum

58
Q

what connects the upper part of the greater curvature of the stomach to the spleen

A

gastrosplenic ligament

59
Q

which portion of the stomach curvature gives attachement to the greater omentum

A

major portion of the greater curvature

60
Q

describe the greater omentum

A

apron like fold of peritoneum with a free lower border that hands behind the anterior abdominal wall and in front of most of the small intestine

61
Q

what does the greater omentum attach to

A

superiorly, the transverse colon and the greater curvature of the stomach,
on the left it merges with the gastrosplenic ligament

62
Q
A

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