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Endocrine and Exocrine glands Flashcards

1
Q

how do endocrine secretions enter through the bloodstream

A

via capillaries

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2
Q

what can happen to endocrine secretions once they have been synthesised

A

they can be stored or released

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3
Q

what are fenestrated capillaries

A

capillaries with more pores on them to make them leakier

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4
Q

what are the patterns of endocrine secretion

A

chronic
acute
periodic

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5
Q

what are chronic patterns of secretion

A

same time, same amounts, over the same period of time

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6
Q

what are acute patterns of secretion

A

depend on stimulus

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7
Q

what are episodic patterns of secretion

A

these follow certain episodes like at meal times

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8
Q

what are the different regulations of hormone secretion

A

humoral, neuronal and hormonal

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9
Q

what are humoral regulations of hormone secretion

A

blood borne molecules

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10
Q

what are neural regulations of hormone secretion

A

neurons stimulate hormone production

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11
Q

what are hormonal regulations of hormone secretion

A

when hormone secretion stimulates another hormone to be secreted

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12
Q

what are the different classes of hormones

A

proteins and polypeptides
steroids
derivates of the amino acid tyrosine

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13
Q

what are examples of hormones that are proteins or polypeptides

A

pancreatic hormones and parathyroid hormones

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14
Q

which class of hormones are secreted by adrenal cortex, ovaries and placenta

A

steroid

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15
Q

which class of hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla and thyroid gland

A

derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine

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16
Q

what is thyroxin

A

the hormone that regulates metabolism

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17
Q

what type of epithelium lines the thyroid gland

A

cuboidal epithelium

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18
Q

what are c cells

A

these are clear cells that take up about 10% of the thyroid gland that produce calcitonin

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19
Q

what is calcitonin

A

the hormone that regulates calcium levels

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20
Q

what is colloid

A

a fluid that fills the central cavity of the thyroid gland follicles that are involved in thyroid hormone production.

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21
Q

what are parafollicular cells

A

the c cells

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22
Q

what are the cells of the thyroid gland

A

thyrocytes and parafollicular cells

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23
Q

what do thyrocytes do

A

they synthesis thyroglobulin from which the t3 and t4 hormones are released

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24
Q

what is the functional unit of the thyroid gland

A

the thyroid follicle

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25
Q

what are thyroid follicles

A

these are follicles with a central lumen filled with colloid surrounded by c cells and thyrocytes

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26
Q

what is the endocrine control of the thyroid gland

A

hypothalamus produces thyrotropin releasing hormone
leading to increased thyroid stimulating hormone being released from the pituitary gland
leading to increased synthesis of the thyroid hormones

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27
Q

what are the arteries that supply the thyroid gland

A

superior and inferior thyroid arteries

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28
Q

what are the veins of the thyroid gland

A

the superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins

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29
Q

what innervates the thyroid gland

A

cervical ganglion for sympathetic and recurrent laryngeal nerve for parasympathetic

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30
Q

what are the parathyroid glands

A

four lentil shaped glands which are located on the back of each lobe of the thyroid gland

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31
Q

what is the function of the parathyroid glands

A

participate in the regulation of blood calcium levels

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32
Q

what does the parathyroid gland produce

A

parathyroid hormone, which affects osteoclast cells

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33
Q

how does the parathyroid gland increase the calcium levels of the blood

A

secretion of PTH, osteoclast breaks down bone, minerals released, calcium levels increase

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34
Q

what is hyperparathyroidism

A

this is when too much parathyroid is released

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35
Q

why is osteoporosis more common in post menopausal people

A

the estrogen levels decrease so there is less inhibition of the osteoclasts meaning there is more break down of bone

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36
Q

what are the cells of the parathyroid gland

A

chief cells and oxyphil cells

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37
Q

what do chief cells do

A

synthesise and secrete parathyroid hormones

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38
Q

where are chief cells found in the body

A

the parathyroid gland

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39
Q

what are oxyphil cells

A

transitional forms of the chief cells that contain numerous mitochondria

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40
Q

function of oxyphil cells

A

unknown

41
Q

what are exocrine glands

A

glands that secrete through ducts that are open directly on the epithelial surface

42
Q

what are the two types of exocrine gland

A

unicellular and multicellular

43
Q

what are an example of unicellular glands

A

mucous glands

44
Q

what is an example of a multicellular gland

A

salivary
sweat
sebaceous
pancreas

45
Q

what are branched exocrine glands surrounded by

A

fibrous tissue capsules

46
Q

what lines interlobar ducts

A

stratified columnar epithelium

47
Q

what produces the secretions in exocrine glands

A

acini

48
Q

what are the two types of sweat gland

A

apocrine and eccrine

49
Q

what are eccrine sweat glands

A

secrete a watery product that cools the skin

50
Q

what are apocrine sweat glands

A

these are found in armpits and secrete a more viscous odorous product

51
Q

what are merocrine glands

A

these are exocrine glands that secrete their products to the surroundings without sacrificing their membrane

52
Q

what are examples of merocrine glands

A

salivary
pancreatic
most of the sweat glands

53
Q

what are holocrine glands

A

these are exocrine glands that release their secretions by bursting the entire cell

54
Q

what is an example of a holocrine gland

A

sebaceous glands

55
Q

which type of exocrine gland dies during secretion

A

holocrine

56
Q

describe the nuclei of mucous acini

A

flat

57
Q

describe the nuclei of serous acini

A

round

58
Q

describe the exocrine pancreas

A

branched tubuloacinar gland with acinus as the functional unit.
secretes pancreatic juice containing protease and amylase alongside bicarbonate

59
Q

describe pancreatic cancer

A

this can affect the endocrine and exocrine portion of the pancreas

60
Q

which organ is affected by cystic fibrosis

A

pancreas

61
Q

describe cystic fibrosis

A

exocrine portion of the pancreas leads to secretions becoming thick and clogging the ducts of the pancreas. this can cause a decrease in secretion of enzymes.

62
Q

what are the oral effects of diabetes mellitus

A

periodontitis, dry mouth, susceptibility to infection

63
Q

what is hypofunction

A

reduced hormone release

64
Q

what is hyperfunction

A

excessive hormone release

65
Q

what is hormone resistance

A

diabetes mellitus

66
Q

what does the thyroid gland require in order to produce thyroxin

A

iodine

67
Q

what are the iodine containing hormones found within the thyroid gland

A

T3 and T4

68
Q

what are the secretions of endocrine glands called

A

hormones

69
Q

main two functions of endocrine glands

A

regulation of bodily functions
maintain homeostasis

70
Q

example of hormonal regulated secretion

A

hormones from the pituitary gland stimulating the testes

71
Q

example of neural secretion

A

sympathetic nervous system stimulating adrenaline release

72
Q

example of humoural secretion

A

glucose levels stimulating insulin secretion

73
Q

what are the different structures of multicellular exocrine glands

A

simple tubular
simple branched tubular
coiled tubular
simple acinar
simple branched acinar
compound tubular
compound acinar
comound tubuloacinar

74
Q

which type of multicellular exocrine glands are found in the stomach and colon

A

simple tubular

75
Q

which type of multicellular exocrine glands are found in the lower portion of the stomach

A

simple branched tubular

76
Q

which type of multicellular exocrine glands are found in sebaceous glands

A

simple and branched acinar

77
Q

which type of multicellular exocrine glands are found in mucous glands of the duodenum

A

compound tubular

78
Q

which type of multicellular exocrine glands are found in mammary glands

A

compound acinar

79
Q

which type of multicellular exocrine glands are found in the pancreas

A

compount tubuloacinar

80
Q

describe serous unit structure

A

acinar, with a narrow lumen

81
Q

describe the mucous unit structure

A

tubular with wide lumen

82
Q

what is parenchyma

A

glandular tissue

83
Q

what are interlobar septa

A

the lobes produced from the division of parenchyma by the septa

84
Q

what are interlobar septa divided into

A

lobules

85
Q

what divides interlobar septa into lobules

A

introlobular septa

86
Q

what contract and squeeze secretions from the acini along the duct

A

myoepithelial cells

87
Q

which epithelium lines interlobar ducts

A

stratified columnar

88
Q

which epithelium lined interlobular ducts

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

89
Q

which epithelium lines striated ducts

A

simple cuboidal and columnar

90
Q

describe the process of merocrine glands

A

they have vesicles that contain secretory products that release the contents into the duct

91
Q

describe the process of apocrine glands

A

the secretory products are stored in the cells and there are pinched off portions of the cell in the secretions

92
Q

describe holocrine gland secretion

A

the cell is shed into the duct and releases secretory products

93
Q

describe serous secretions

A

watery with enzymes

94
Q

describe mucous secretions

A

mucins with hydrate to form mucous

95
Q

what do the f cells of the islets of langerhans produce

A

pancreatic polypeptide

96
Q

what is the most common endocrine disorder

A

diabetes mellitus

97
Q

when can endocrine changes be seen

A

pregnancy
menopause
stress
obesity

98
Q

where are islets of langerhans most numerous in the pancreas

A

the tail

99
Q

which gland produces melanin

A

pineal gland

Revision (48 decks)

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